Download Chapter 27 - Kelvyn Park High School

Chapter 27
The Deepening of the European
Crisis:
World War II
Timeline
Prelude to War
The Role of Hitler
World War II began in the mind of Adolf Hitler
Hitler believed that the Russian Revolution created the conditions
for German expansion
Conservative German elites shared Hitler’s dream of world
domination
The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1937)
Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933
Slow rearmament
Repudiation of disarmament clauses of Versailles Peace Treaty,
1935
Troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936
New Alliances
• Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936
• Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan, November
1936
Adolph Hitler & Benito Mussolini in
Munich, Germany ca. June 1940
Map 27.1:
Changes in
Central
Europe,
1936-1939
The Path to War (1938-1939)
Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938
Hitler demands the cession of the Sudetenland, September
15, 1938
Munich Conference, September 29, 1938
Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940)
Appeasement
German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia
Hitler demands Danzig
British offer to protect Poland
Non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, August 23,
1939
Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939
Britain and France declare war on Germany, September 3,
1939
The Path to War in Asia
Japan’s Rise to World Power Status
Defeat of China (1895) and Russia (1905)
By 1933, Japanese Empire included: Korea, Formosa, Manchuria, and the
Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana Islands
Internal Tensions
Population growth
Impact of trade barriers
Rise of militarist government
Japanese Goals in East Asia
September 1931: Japanese conquest of Manchuria
Japan targeted China first
Rape of Nanjing
Cooperation with Germany
Shift of attention to Southeast Asia in the late 1930s
The Course to World War II
Blitzkrieg (lightening war)
Poland divided on September 28, 1939
Victory and Stalemate
“Phony War”, winter 1939-1940
Germany resumes offensive, April 9, 1939, against Denmark and
Norway
Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940
Evacuation of Dunkirk
Surrender of France, June 22, 1940
Vichy France
• Marshal Henri Pétain (1856-1951)
Battle of Britain, August-September 1940
German Luftwaffe
German Mediterranean strategy
Germany invades the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941
Map 27.2: World War II in Europe & North
Africa
War in Asia
Japanese Empire
Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Explosion of the U.S.S. Shaw during
attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
Map 27.3: World War II in Asia & the
Pacific
Turning Point of the War
(1942-1943)
Entry of United States into the war critical to Allied victory
The Grand Alliance
Defeat of Germany the first priority
Military aid to Russia and Britain
Allies ignore political differences
Agree on unconditional surrender
The Course of the War (1942-1943)
German success in 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union
Allies invade North Africa, November 1942, victory in
May 1943
Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943
Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942
The Last Years of the War
Invasion of Sicily, 1943
Invasion of Italy, September 1943
Rome falls June 4, 1944
D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944
Five assault divisions landed on Normandy beaches
Within three months, two million men landed
German surrender at Stalingrad, February 2, 1943
Tank Battle of Kursk, Soviet Union, July 5-12, 1943
Russians enter Berlin, April 1945
Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945
Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945
Death of President Franklin Roosevelt, April 12, 1945
Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland
New President Harry Truman makes decision to use the atomic bomb
Surrender of Japan, August 14, 1945
Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18 million civilians
dead
D-Day Invasion
The New Order
The Nazi Empire
Nazi occupies Europe was organized in two ways
• Some areas annexed and made into German provinces
• Most areas were occupied and administered by Germans
Racial considerations
Resettlement plans of the East
• Poles were uprooted and moved
• 2 million ethnic Germans settled Poland, 1942
Need for labor
Resistance Movements
Resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe
• Resistance in all parts of Europe
• Communists assumed leadership roles
• Women participated in resistance
Resistance in Germany
• Limited resistance: White Rose
• Plots against Hitler
The Holocaust
First focused on emigration
The Final Solution
Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942)
Einsatzgrupen
Death Camps
In operation by the spring of 1942
Shipments of Jews from Poland, France, Belgium, and the
Netherlands in 1942
Shipments from Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Greece, southern France,
Italy, and Denmark
Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide)
Auschwitz
Death of 2 out of 3 European Jews
The Other Holocaust
Death of 9 - 10 million people beyond the 5 - 6 million Jews
40 percent of European Gypsies
Map 27.4:
The
Holocaust
The New Order in Asia
“Asia for Asians”
Power in the hands of Japanese military
Little respect for local populations
The Mobilization of Peoples
Great Britain
More complete mobilization than its allies or Germany
Efforts to solve food shortage
Planned economy
The Soviet Union
Enormous losses, 2 of every 5 killed in World War II were Russians
Siege of Leningrad
Factories moved to the interior
The United States
Slow mobilization until mid-1943
Social problems
• African-Americans
• Detroit, June 1943
Japanese Americans
Mobilization of Peoples (cont)
Germany
Continued production of consumer goods first two years of the war
Blitzkrieg and then plunder conquered countries
Albert Speer and armaments production
Total mobilization of the economy, 1944
Japan
Highly mobilized society
Code of bushido
Demands on women
Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of
Cities
Bombing Civilians
Luftwaffe begin the Blitz in Britain
Allies begin bombing raids on German cities
under Arthur Harris
Cologne, Germany
American daytime bombing raids
Hamburg; Dresden
Success or failure of bombing raids
Atomic bomb
Hiroshima, August 6, 1945
Nagasaki, August 9, 1945
Hiroshima after the atomic bomb,
August 6, 1945
Aftermath: The Emergence of the
Cold War
The Conferences at Teheran and Yalta
Conference at Tehran, November 1943
• Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944
• Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany
Conference at Yalta, February 1945
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•
•
•
•
“Declaration on Liberated Europe”
Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan
Creation of a United Nations
German unconditional surrender
Free elections in Eastern Europe
Intensifying Differences
Conference at Potsdam, July 1945
Truman replaces Roosevelt
Growing problems between the Allies
The Emergence of the Cold War
Mutual mistrust
Ideological conflict
Map 27.5: Territorial Changes after
World War II
Discussion Questions
Why did Hitler abandon the fight for England and
turn toward Russia?
How did mutual distrust between the allies effect
the course of the war? On the peace that followed?
How were conquered or occupied peoples treated
by the Germans during the war?
How did each country mobilize the home front for
the war effort?
Web Links
BBC History: World War Two
The Battle of Britain
National Archive: Pictures of World War II
War in Asia: Primary Sources
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum