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World War II Germany must pay 20 billion gold marks Germany has to cede coal mines in Saar to France Germany has to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France 440 Articles blamed Germany for WWI President Wilson “14 Points” Creating Democracies President Wilson “14 Points” President Bush Iraq War Creating Democracies “The way Europe worked for centuries was through war, displacement of citizens, and restructuring of national borders.” Wilson’s Goals: Make the world safe for democracy Wilson’s Goals: Make the world safe for democracy Carve up Europe (Based on nationalities) Wilson’s Goals: Make the world safe for democracy Carve up Europe (Based on nationalities) Force DEMOCRATIC governments Nationalism: 1. Division of Europe by nationalities... Nationalism: 1. Division of Europe by nationalities... 2. Loyalty to country & its people* ABOVE ALL ELSE Nationalism: 1. Division of Europe by nationalities... 2. Loyalty to country & its people* ABOVE ALL ELSE *People of the same blood regardless of geography SOVIET UNION Stalin’s Goals: 1. “Uncle Joe” became leader of Soviets Stalin’s Goals: 1. “Uncle Joe” became leader of Soviets 2. Tried to create the perfect Communist state Stalin’s Goals: 1. “Uncle Joe” became leader of Soviets 2. Tried to create the perfect Communist state 3. Abolished private farms, established collectives massive industrialization ITALY Mussolini’s Rise: 1. Unemployment + inflation = strikes Mussolini’s Rise: 1. Unemployment + inflation = strikes 2. Upper-class wanted government help Mussolini’s Rise: 1. Unemployment + inflation = strikes 2. Upper-class wanted government help 3. Benito Mussolini = NATIONALISM Mussolini’s Rise: 1. Unemployment + inflation = strikes 2. Upper-class wanted government help 3. Benito Mussolini = NATIONALISM 4. Practiced TOTALITARIANISM Totalitarianism: 1. Method of control in which a country’s individuals have little or no freedoms separate from the government’s wishes GERMANY Hitler promised to raise Germany from the shame of the Treaty of Versailles The League of Nations FAILS It’s fatal flaw? No military for enforcement The League of Nations FAILS It’s fatal flaw? No military for enforcement Failure in Japan The League of Nations FAILS It’s fatal flaw? No military for enforcement Failure in Japan Hitler increased size of army The League of Nations FAILS It’s fatal flaw? The League couldn’t stop him No military for enforcement Failure in Japan Hitler increased size of army The League of Nations FAILS It’s fatal flaw? The League couldn’t stop him No military for enforcement Italy gave all power to Il Duce Failure in Japan Hitler increased size of army The League of Nations FAILS It’s fatal flaw? The League couldn’t stop him No military for enforcement Italy gave all power to Il Duce Failure in Japan The League did nothing Hitler increased size of army The League of Nations FAILS Isolationism: 1. Belief that one’s country should stay out of other countries conflicts The “America First” Committee “...and the Wolf chewed up the children and spit out their bones...But those were Foreign Children and it didn’t really matter.” 1922 Germany asks France For moratorium—France Refuses France controls Germany’s richest production area German workers strike/inflation rises Hitler’s Rise to Power Hitler acts out “Beer Hall Putsch” “Putsch” fails Hitler imprisoned Writes “Mein Kampf” Mein Kampf explains principles of Nazism Hitler’s Rise to Power 1933 Hitler gains a following as a savior Democratically elected as PM of Weimar Establishes the Third Reich Hitler’s Rise to Power Austria (formerly Austria-Hungary” was not allowed to join Germany... Hitler takes Austria “German Austria must unite itself with the German Motherland...” —Hitler Mein Kampf Austria (formerly Austria-Hungary” was not allowed to join Germany... Austrian Chancellor accepted Hitler’s terms for control of Austria (by vote) Hitler takes Austria Austria (formerly Austria-Hungary” was not allowed to join Germany... Austrian Chancellor accepted Hitler’s terms for control of Austria (by vote) Hitler invaded Austria (1938) Hitler takes Austria Czechoslovakia Czechs...7,447,000 Czechoslovakia Czechs...7,447,000 Germans...3,218,000 Czechoslovakia Czechs...7,447,000 Germans...3,218,000 Slovaks...2,309,000 Czechoslovakia Czechs...7,447,000 Germans...3,218,000 Slovaks...2,309,000 Magyars...729,000 Czechoslovakia Czechs...7,447,000 Germans...3,218,000 Slovaks...2,309,000 Magyars...729,000 Ruthenes...569,000 Czechoslovakia Czechs...7,447,000 Germans...3,218,000 Slovaks...2,309,000 Magyars...729,000 Ruthenes...569,000 Poles...100,000 Czechoslovakia Czechs...7,447,000 Germans...3,218,000 Slovaks...2,309,000 Magyars...729,000 Ruthenes...569,000 Poles...100,000 Others...266,000 Czechoslovakia Sudetenland contained large # of German-speaking , pro-Nazi population Hitler takes Czechoslovakia Sudetenland contained large # of German-speaking , pro-Nazi population Hitler & Chamberlain met 3 times over the Sudetenland in N. Czechoslovakia Hitler takes Czechoslovakia Sudetenland contained large # of German-speaking , pro-Nazi population Hitler & Chamberlain met 3 times over the Sudetenland in N. Czechoslovakia The Munich Agreement (Sudetenland would be Hitler’s last demand) Hitler takes Czechoslovakia Soviet Union signed non-aggression pact With Germany Hitler & Stalin Soviet Union signed non-aggression pact With Germany Hitler & Stalin Stalin gained eastern half of Poland Hitler’s Attack Style BLITZKRIEG Stage 1: Air bombing Stage 2: Tanks & Artillery Stage 3: Flanking Infantry Highly effective fighting style Fighting in Poland was over in 3 weeks Hitler planned to attack France after Poland Hitler takes France Hitler planned to attack France after Poland French behind “Maginot Line” Hitler takes France Hitler planned to attack France after Poland French behind “Maginot Line” Germans behind “Siegfried Line” Hitler takes France Hitler planned to attack France after Poland French behind “Maginot Line” Germans behind “Siegfried Line” A year spent waiting = “Phony War” Hitler takes France Hitler attacked Belgium & “walked to France” Hitler takes France Hitler attacked Belgium & “walked to France” Handed France his surrender terms Hitler takes France Hitler attacked Belgium & “walked to France” Handed France his surrender terms Germany controlled N. France Hitler takes France Hitler attacked Belgium & “walked to France” Handed France his surrender terms Germany controlled N. France S. France was puppet government (“Vichy”) Hitler takes France Britain Poland Romania Turkey Greece Soviet Union Britain Got Entangled The Holocaust Nazi plan for Weimar Republic Disband the Reichstag “We will become members of the Reichstag in order to disable the Weimar order with its own acquiescence...We come as enemies.” —Joseph Goebbels Nazi plan for Weimar Republic Disband the Reichstag Reichstag burns & Hitler blames the communists Nazi plan for Weimar Republic Disband the Reichstag Reichstag burns & Hitler blames the communists President Von Hindenburg suspended individuals & civil rights Nazi plan for Weimar Republic Hitler elected democratically Nazi plan for Weimar Republic Hitler elected democratically Actions against “inferiors” began a month later Nazi plan for Weimar Republic Hitler elected democratically Actions against “inferiors” began a month later One of the first actions was the “Jewish boycott” Elimination of a race required 3 steps: 1. Marginalization 2. Government action 3. Execution 1. Marginalization Converted to Christianity Married non-Jews Before Hitler, most Jews were comfortable as German citizens... 100,000+ fought for Germany during WWI Taught in German Universities Nazis required a boycott of all Jewish owned shops and business’ “Germans! Defend yourselves! Don’t buy from Jews.” “The Jews are our misfortune!” “JUDE” “Nazification” of Culture Distinguishing between “pure” German (Nazi) culture & inferior cultures “Nazification” of Culture Distinguishing between “pure” German (Nazi) culture & inferior cultures Hundreds of Thousands of “un-German” books were burned “Nazification” of Culture Germany relied on PROPAGANDA “Nazification” of Culture Germany relied on PROPAGANDA Joseph Goebbels—Master of Propaganda “Nazification” of Culture Germany relied on PROPAGANDA Joseph Goebbels—Master of Propaganda Controlled press, radio, film, art, music, and public events “Nazification” of Culture 1937—Degenerate Art Exhibit “Nazification” of Culture 1937—Degenerate Art Exhibit Degenerate Art—art that doesn’t glorify Aryan race “Nazification” of Culture 1937—Degenerate Art Exhibit Degenerate Art—art that doesn’t glorify Aryan race Exhibit was designed to emphasize the arts’ “ugliness” 2. Government Action Jews & the Law 400 laws limiting Jewish citizens between (1933-1939) Jews & the Law 400 laws limiting Jewish citizens between (1933-1939) Civil Service Law Jews & the Law 400 laws limiting Jewish citizens between (1933-1939) Civil Service Law Nazis even created a “science” based on Jewish/German differences “[the] state must set race in the center of all life. It must take care to keep it pure. [The state] must see to it that only the healthy beget children...” —Hitler Mein Kampf Race Science Forced sterilization (500,000 in 10) 320,000 German outcasts: Alcoholics, homosexuals, depressed, schizophrenics, “work shy” Instituted euthanasia (execution) Mentally insane, handicapped, retarded Nuremburg Race Laws Jews are not German citizens Subjects of the state Marriage & sex between Jews & non-Jews forbidden Women under 45 couldn’t work in Jewish households “Jews Unwelcome” signs appeared in theaters, shops, pharmacies, hotels, restaurants, etc. Could only sit on public benches marked for Jews Jewish business’ Aryanized All Jews had to take new middle names Jewish passports marked with “J” Britain: “No room.” US: “We have a quota system.” Australia: “We don’t want the Jewish problem.” The Evian Conference Canada: “We’ll take farmers only.” Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) The Saint Louis 1933 Hitler elected democratically Boycott of Jewish business’ “Civil Service” laws (400 between ‘33-’39) 1934 Forced sterilization of “inferiors” 1935 Separation of “pure” German and “inferior” people groups 1937 “Degenerate Art” exhibit 1938 The Evian Conference 1939 Kristallnacht The S.S. Saint Louis 3. Execution