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America: Past and Present
Ninth Edition
Chapter
27
America and the World,
1921–1945
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
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Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry
• 1920s: American diplomacy permeated by
a sense of disillusionment
• Did not join League of Nations
• U.S. refused to be bound by any
agreement to preserve international peace
• Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaw war
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Retreat in Europe
• U.S. emerge as rich nation – creditor
nation and banker of the world
• U.S. quarreled with former allies over
repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans
• U.S. refused recognition of Soviet Union
but increased trade – ideological
differences with Soviet Union remain
problem
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Rivalry in Asia
• U.S. and Japan on collision course
• 1920: Japanese occupied Korea, parts of
Manchuria
• U.S. Open Door policy blocked Japanese
dominance of China
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Rivalry in Asia:
Washington Conference of 1921
• England agreed to U.S. naval equality
• Japan accepted as third largest naval
power
• All nations agreed to limit naval
construction
• Five Power Treaty – Nations agreed to
limit navies
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Rivalry in Asia:
Washington Conference of 1921
• Nine-Power Treaty: Open Door Policy
reaffirmed
• Four-Power Treaty: Established alliance
among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France
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Isolationism
• Depression shifted focus to domestic
affairs
• Rise of militaristic regimes threatened war:
–
–
–
Germany
Italy
Japan
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GERMANY
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Rise of Adolph Hitler – Aryan Race
Blame Jews for WW I and problems
Left League of Nations
Denounced Treaty of Versailles
Reoccupied Rhineland
Wants to unit all Germans in Third Reich
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ITALY
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Benito Mussolini – Dictator of Italy
High unemployment/inflation
Wants to be the new Roman Empire
Invaded Ethiopia, Africa - got away with it
Mussolini has private army of blackshirts
Promise to help poor after war
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JAPAN
Militarists dominate country – General ToJo
Left League of Nations
Repudiated Washington Treaties
1931 - took Manchuria - puppet state of Japan
U.S. ignored Japan
1937 Japan, Italy, and Germany sign antiComintern Pact (Axis Powers)
• 1937 – Japan invaded China
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•
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LEADERS
Germany – Hitler (Nazism)
Italy – Mussolini (Fascism)
Japan – General ToJo (Military/Emperor)
Soviet Union - Stalin (Communism)
Great Britain – Churchill
(Democracy/Capitalism
• France – De Gaulle (exile government)
• United States – Roosevelt
(Democracy/Capitalism)
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•
•
•
•
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The Lure of Pacifism
and Neutrality
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Americans against another meaningless war
Pacifist movement strong on College Campuses
Blame Munitions Industry (Merchants of Death)
Senator Nye investigated munitions industry,
led pacifist movement and passage of Neutrality
legislation (1935)
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Ban sale of arms to nations at war
Ban on loans to nations at war
All trade other than munitions be conducted on a cash
and carry basis
Ban U.S. citizen travel on ships of countries at war
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Munich Conference
• 1938 – Hitler seized Austria
• Demands Sudentenland of
Czechoslovakia
• France and Great Britain respond to
Hitler’s aggression by appeasement
• Chamberlain – “I have bought peace in our
time”
• Hitler seized Sudentenland
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War in Europe
• FDR approved appeasement of Hitler
• 1938: Hitler seized Czechoslovakia
• FDR attempts to revise the neutrality acts,
to give edge to England, France
• September, 1939: World War II began
when Hitler invades Poland
• FDR declares neutrality
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The Road to War
• U.S. remains at peace 1939–1941
• Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for
Germany and Japan
• Roosevelt openly expresses favor for
Allies, moves cautiously to avoid outcry
from isolationists
• Germany signs nonaggression treaty with
Russia to stay out of war - allows
Germany to avoid a two front war
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From Neutrality to
Undeclared War
• 1939–1941: FDR sought help for England
without actually entering the war
• November, 1939: Belligerents may buy
U.S. goods on “cash and carry” basis
• 1940: German occupation of France
• America drifts toward war realizing that
Hitler’s victories could effect U.S.
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From Neutrality to Undeclared
War: Increased Aid to England
• U.S. greatly increases military spending and
begins a first-ever peacetime draft
• Roosevelt gives fifty destroyers to England
• German victories surprise U.S. – “blitzkrieg” (lightening war)
• Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in
Europe will threaten western civilization
• Hitler may use British navy to attack America
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LEND LEASE POLICY
• Lend Lease way to help England without
going to war and way to appease
isolationists
• Loan and give war supplies to England
and allies
• End Cash and Carry part of old policy
• Ensure British access to American war
supplies
• U.S. Navy ships escort British ships
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Showdown in the Pacific
• 1937: Japanese occupation of coastal
China
• U.S. applies economic pressure on Japan
through an embargo of certain supplies
• 1940: Japan allies with Germany, Italy
• Japanese invasion of Indochina prompts
U.S. to end all trade
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Showdown in the Pacific:
Pearl Harbor
• 1941: U.S.–Japanese negotiations
• Japan’s demands
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Free hand in China
Restoration of normal trade relations
• U.S demands Japanese troops out of China
• December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attack
• U.S. caught by surprise because of human error
and miscalculation
• December 8: U.S. declares war on Japan
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Turning the Tide
Against the Axis
• December, 1941: Axis on the offensive
• 1941 Hitler invades Russia
• 1942–1943: U.S., England, Russia fight to
seize the initiative
• U.S. major ally in war is England
• Supreme Commander of Allied forces in
Europe – Dwight D. Eisenhower
• 1944–1945: Offensive to crush Axis
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Wartime Partnerships
• Personal friendship between FDR and
Churchill cements alliance between U.S.
and England
• U.S. - Soviet Union relations strained by
ideological differences
• Soviet Union often perceives itself alone in
conflict
• Wartime tensions persist after victory
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Halting the German Blitz
• November, 1942: U.S. invaded North
Africa
• May, 1943: U.S., England invaded Italy
–
–
Mussolini fell from power
Slow advance up the Italian peninsula
• Summer, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad
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Russia defeated Germans
Russia advanced into eastern Europe
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Checking Japan in the Pacific
• Two-pronged drive against Japan
–
Douglas MacArthur and Chester Nimitz lead
drive
• June, 1942: Victory at Midway launches
advance into Japanese-held territories
• Pacific strategy is “Island Hopping”
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World War II in the Pacific
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The Home Front
• War ends depression
• Economy gears for military output
• Automobile factories convert to tank and
airplane production
• Women move into the workplace
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The Arsenal of Democracy
• American factories turn out twice as many
goods as German and Japanese factories
• Rationing of scarce goods
• Income of lowest-paid laborers increases
faster than the rich
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A Nation on the Move:
Improving Conditions
• Women’s income increases 50%
• Mexican Americans take urban factory
jobs
• Migration from South and West
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A Nation on the Move:
Improving Conditions
• African Americans
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Fair Employment Practices Commission to
insure equal opportunities in war-related
industry
Surging migration from the rural South
Segregation and discrimination still problems
Wartime experience lays groundwork for
postwar Civil Rights Movement
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A Nation on the Move:
Japanese Internment
• 120,000 Japanese move from the West
Coast to detention camps
• 1944: Supreme Court rejects appeal for
release
• 1988: Congress votes indemnity of $1.2
billion for survivors
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Japanese American
Internment Camps
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Win-the-War Politics
• New Deal became Win-the-War
• 1944 election:
– FDR names Truman as Vice President
– FDR wins fourth term
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Victory
• Allies disagreed about when and where to
open second front against Germany
• June 6, 1944 – D-day
• Battle of the Bulge – last battle and end of
Hitler’s army
• April 25, 1945: U.S., Russian forces are
outside Berlin
• May 7, 1945: Unconditional German
surrender
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War Aims and
Wartime Diplomacy
• Soviets did bulk of fighting against
Germany
– 300 Soviet divisions, only 58 U.S. and British
– Contribution larger than that of U.S.
• Soviets decide to control Eastern Europe
to prevent another German attack
• U.S. wants collective security at the United
Nations
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War Aims and
Wartime Diplomacy
• Yalta Conference February, 1945
– Agreement let Soviets control elections in
Eastern Europe – victory for Soviets
– Soviets agree to enter war against Japan 3
months after Germany surrendered
• April 12, 1945: Death of FDR
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World War II in Europe
and North Africa
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Triumph and Tragedy
in the Pacific
• June 21, 1945: U.S. captured Okinawa,
complete control of Pacific, defeat of
Japan only a matter of time
• May–August: Intense air attacks on Japan
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Triumph and Tragedy
in the Pacific
• Manhattan Project offered way to crush
Japan without invasion and end war
quickly
– August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima
– August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki
• Result of bombs - August 14: Japan
unconditional surrender – end of war –
death of thousands – postwar arms race
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The Transforming Power of War
• U.S. the most powerful nation on earth
• Unprecedented economic prosperity
• Federal government a permanent force in
daily life
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