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America: Past and Present
Ninth Edition
Chapter
15
Secession and
the Civil War
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Storm Gathers
• Election of Lincoln caused seven states to
leave union
• Secession of seven states does not
necessarily mean war
• One last attempt to reconcile North and
South
• Federal response to secession debated
• In order for war, compromise must fail and
military action must be taken
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
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The Deep South Secedes
• December 1860: South Carolina first to
secede
• February, 1861: Confederate States of
America formed
–
Included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Secession
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
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The Deep South Secedes
•
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•
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Government headed by moderates
Confederate constitution similar to U.S. except:
Restrictions on the finance of internal improvements
Weak central government
Guarantee of slavery
Prohibition of protective tariffs
Protection of slavery in the territories
Aim to restore country as it was before Republican Party
Southerners hope to attract Northern states into
Confederacy
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Failure of Compromise
• Crittenden Plan: Extend the Missouri
Compromise line to the Pacific
• Lincoln rejects compromise
–
–
Does not think it will end secession
Viewed as repudiation of majority rule
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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And the War Came
• North seeks action to preserve Union
• Lincoln – maintain federal authority without provoking
war with South
• Lincoln wants South to be responsible for starting war
• April 1861: First shots fired at Fort Sumter, (Charleston)
S.C., falls
• April–May: Upper South secedes after violence
• Border states remain in union – local Unionism and
federal intervention
• Attack on Fort Sumter unites North
• War defined as struggle to preserve Union
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Adjusting to Total War
• North must win by destroying will to resist
• Total War: a test of societies, economies,
political systems as well as armies
• Lincoln called for 75,000 troops for 90
days
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Resources of the Union and
the Confederacy, 1861
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
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Prospects, Plans, and
Expectations
• Southern advantages: fight in familiar, friendly
terrain, better generals
• South adopts defensive strategy
• Northern advantages: industrial superiority,
larger population, more natural resources,
superior railroad system
• Lincoln adopts two-front strategy:
–
–
–
Capture Confederate capitol, Richmond, VA
Seize control of the Mississippi River
Deploy navy to blockade Southern ports
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Overview of Civil War Strategy
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mobilizing the Home Fronts
• In beginning – more troops than needed
• 1862: North and South begin conscription
(draft)
• Northern mobilization
–
–
Finance war through taxes, bonds, paper
money
Private industry supplies Union armies well
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mobilizing the Home Fronts
• South moves capital to Richmond, Virginia
• South goes to war in a mood of optimism
and jubilation
• During war, South had food shortages
• Government arsenals supply Confederate
armies
–
–
Efforts to finance lead to runaway inflation
Transportation system inadequate
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Political Leadership: Northern
Success and Southern Failure
• Lincoln and Davis learned that conduct of the war
required active, executive leadership
• Lincoln expands wartime powers (individual freedoms vs
security of all)
– Declares martial law
– Imprisons 10,000 “subversives” without trial
– Suspended writ of Habeas Corpus
– Briefly closes down a few newspapers
• Jefferson Davis appears weak
–
–
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Concerned mainly with military duties
Neglects homefront problems, economy – planters refuse to
grow food instead of cotton
Lacks influence with state governments
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Early Campaigns and Battles
• Northern achievements by 1862
–
–
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Total naval supremacy
Confederate troops cleared from West
Virginia, Kentucky, much of Tennessee
New Orleans captured
• Confederate achievements by 1862
• - First Battle of Bull Run won by South
–
–
Stall campaign for the Mississippi at Shiloh
Defend Richmond from capture
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Civil War, 1861–1862
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
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The Diplomatic Struggle
• England
–
South thinks the need for cotton will make England
and France form alliances in war
• France: Confederacy not recognized unless
England does so first
• Policy of “King Cotton” has little influence on
foreign policy of other nations
• Union goal – prevent England and France from
becoming allies to the South
• King Cotton Diplomacy Fails
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Coming of Emancipation
• Antietam is bloodiest battle of war and prompts
Emancipation Proclamation
• 1863: Proclamation put into effect for areas still
in rebellion – freed only slaves in the
Confederacy – committed the North to
abolishing slavery
• Used as weapon against South’s economic
system
• African Americans flee to Union lines
• Confederacy loses thousands of laborers
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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African Americans
and the War
• 200,000 African American Union troops
serve in segregated unions
• Many others labor in Northern war effort
• Lincoln pushes further for black rights
• Blacks receive less pay doing heavy labor
and make contribution to North’s victory
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Tide Turns
• May, 1863: War-weariness
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New York riots against draft turned violent
Riots caused by racial prejudice and class conflict
Wealthy in North and South can avoid military by
providing a substitute (Enrollment Act)
Anti-war activists like Congressman Clement
Vallandigham arrested
Grant bogged down at Vicksburg
Union defeated at Chancellorsville
Democrats “Copperheads” militant antiwar activists
who oppose Lincoln
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Tide Turns
• July, 1863
–
–
Confederate invasion of North fails at Battle of
Gettysburg
Vicksburg falls and give Union control of the
Mississippi River
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Last Stages of the Conflict
• March 9, 1864: Grant made supreme
commander of Union armies
• Grant is most effective Union general
• Union invades the South on all fronts
–
–
William Sherman marches through Georgia and
destroys everything of economic and military value
Grant lays siege to Richmond, Petersburg
• September - Sherman takes Atlanta
• November - Lincoln re-elected because of
Northern victories
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Election of 1864
Candidate
Party
Popular Vote Electoral Vote
Lincoln
McClellan
Republican
Democratic
2,213,655
1,805,237
212
21
*Out of a total of 233 electoral votes. The eleven secessionist states—
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia—did not vote.
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Civil War, 1863–1865
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Last Stages of the Conflict
• Sherman’s March to the sea through
Georgia
• “Scorched earth” policy
• April 1865: Grant takes Richmond
• April 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox
Courthouse, Va
• April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated
• April 18, 1865: Last major Confederate
force under Joseph Johnston surrenders
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Effects of the War
• 620,000 troops dead
• Nation paid an enormous human and
economic cost
• Women seek non-domestic roles
• Four million African Americans free, not
equal
• The South became poorer while the North
tended to prosper
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Casualties of War
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
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Effects of the War
• Federal government supreme over states
• Federal government takes activist role in
the economy
– Higher tariffs, free land, national banking
system
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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An Organizational Revolution
• Modern bureaucratic state emerges
• Individualism gives way to organized,
cooperative activity
• Catalyst for transformation of American
society in the late nineteenth century
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.