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Ninth Edition
Chapter
15
Secession and
the Civil War
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The Storm Gathers
• Secession does not necessarily mean war
• One last attempt to reconcile North and
South
• Federal response to secession debated
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The Deep South Secedes
• Secession does not necessarily mean war
• One last attempt to reconcile North and
South; Federal response to secession
debated; Buchanan inactive
• December 20,1860: South Carolina secedes
• February, 1861: Confederate States of
America formed
–
Included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas
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The Failure of Compromise
• Crittenden Plan: Extend the Missouri
Compromise line to the Pacific
• Lincoln rejects compromise
–
–
–
Does not think it will end secession
Misperceived depth of support for secession
and thought compromise would demoralize
union sympathizers
Viewed as repudiation of majority rule
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And the War Came
• North seeks action to preserve Union
• April 13, 1861: Fort Sumter, S.C., falls
• April, 15: Lincoln calls out Northern state
militias to suppress Southern insurrection
• April–May: Upper South secedes
• Border states: Slave states remain in
Union
• War defined as effort to preserve Union
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America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
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“Another Lexington”
or another “Boston Massacre”?
• 6th Mass. leaves Boston April 17th arrives Baltimore April 19th
• An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen.
Many on both sides of fighting are wounded.
• 21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured.
– Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on
the ground – dies of his wounds.
– Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death
by the mob.
• Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.
• Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC
THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL
WAR.
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http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01
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AFTER EFFECTS
• On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and
Police Commissioner order all bridges leading into
the city destroyed.
• Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes
transcript records.
• Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.
• September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas
corpus and orders the governor, mayor, chief of
police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and
newspapermen arrested.
• Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other
northern forts for years, without trial.
• Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops
occupy and fortify Federal Hill.
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Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862
Photographed by David Bachrach
“After the riots of
1861, Baltimore
MHS Library, Special Collections Department
illustrated the
nation’s divided
http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32
sympathies. If you
were for the
Confederacy, it was
an occupied city. If
you favored the
Union, General
Butler and his
troops were
protecting the city
from the rebels.
Legend reports that
the fort’s troops
enjoyed pointing
out to nervous
locals that the
cannons were
aimed at the
Washington
Monument, located
in the center of the
city, in case of
insurrection.”
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Maryland, My Maryland
– I
The despot's heel is on thy
shore,
– Maryland!
His torch is at thy temple door,
– Maryland!
Avenge the patriotic gore
That flecked the streets of
Baltimore,
And be the battle queen of
yore,
– Maryland! My Maryland!
– VI
Dear Mother! burst the
tyrant's chain,
– Maryland!
Virginia should not call in
vain,
– Maryland!
She meets her sisters on
the plain"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud
refrain
That baffles minions back
again,
– Maryland!
Arise in majesty again,
– Maryland! My Maryland!
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What were
the 3
parts of
the
Anaconda
Plan?
Scott's Great Snake
General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern
Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great
snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library
of Congress)
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WAR STRATEGIES
P.S. What’s the difference between tactics and strategy?
THE NORTH’S
“ANACONDA” PLAN
1. Naval blockade of
Southern ports
2. Control the Mississippi
and split Confederacy
in two
3. Capture Richmond, the
Confederate Capital
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THE SOUTH’S PLAN
1. Fight a defensive war
2. Secure recognition and
support from Europe
3. Negotiate an armistice
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Overview of
Civil War
Strategy
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Adjusting to Total War
• North must win by destroying will to resist
• Total War: a test of societies, economies,
political systems as well as armies
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Industrial
and
Agricultural
Resources
of the
North
and
South
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Resources of the Union and
the Confederacy, 1861
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The Blockade
• Union extends blockade (Anaconda Plan)
• Begins to have success by targeting cotton
ports
• Risks war with Britain by seizing British
merchants, uses “ultimate destination”- legal
cover to avoid war
• Blockade Runners earn profits of up to 700%
• 3//9/1862: Monitor v. Merrimack  end of
wooden-hulled warfare, beginning of the
“Ironclads”
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Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia)
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Western and
Southern Theaters
1861–1862
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1862: North and South begin
conscription
• Confederate mobilization
–
–
–
Government arsenals supply Confederate
armies
Efforts to finance lead to runaway inflation
Transportation system inadequate
• Northern mobilization
–
–
Finance war through taxes, bonds, paper money
Private industry supplies Union armies well
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CONSCRIPTION (=DRAFT)
NORTH:
• Started in 1863
• Ages 20-45 for 3 years
• Substitutes allowed
• Commutations for $300
• Bounties paid to
volunteers
• 92% of army
volunteered
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SOUTH:
• Started in 1862
• Ages 18-35
• Exemptions for
slaveholders with 20
slaves or more
• Substitutes allowed
• 80% of eligible men
served
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The Presidents
Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis
http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/integrate/davis2.jpg
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/images/al16.jpg
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Political Leadership: Northern
Success and Southern Failure
• Lincoln expands wartime powers
–
–
–
Declares martial law
Imprisons 10,000 “subversives” without trial
Briefly closes down a few newspapers
• Jefferson Davis
–
–
–
Concerned mainly with military duties
Neglects civilian morale, economy
Lacks influence with state governments
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Early Campaigns and Battles
• Northern achievements by 1862
–
–
–
Total naval supremacy
Confederate troops cleared from West
Virginia, Kentucky, much of Tennessee
New Orleans captured
• Confederate achievements by 1862
–
–
Stall campaign for the Mississippi at Shiloh
Defend Richmond from capture
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The Diplomatic Struggle
• England
–
–
Belligerent rights extended to Confederacy
Conditions: Recognition of independence on
proof that South can win independence
• France: Confederacy not recognized
unless England does so first
• “King Cotton” has little influence on foreign
policy of other nations
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http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h57000/h57256.jpg
Fight to the Finish
• North adopts radical measures to win
• 1863: War turns against South
• Southern resistance continues
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The Coming of Emancipation
• September 22, 1862: Antietam prompts
preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
–
Surrender in 100 days or lose slaves
• January 1, 1863: Proclamation put into
effect for areas still in rebellion
• African Americans flee to Union lines
• Confederacy loses thousands of laborers
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“. . . on the first day of January . . .
all persons held as slaves within any
State, or designated part of a State,
the people whereof shall then be in
rebellion against the United States
shall be then, thenceforward, and
forever free.“
President Abraham Lincoln,
preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation, September 22, 1862
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Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
• Antietam’s “victory” gives Lincoln the “opportunity” to issue
preliminary proclamation on Sept. 23, 1862.
• Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion,
NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!!
• Settles the “contraband” question.
• Many slaves escape North to join Union
• Ends the possibility of a negotiated settlement
• Unpopular in Sections of North, Copperheads gain support
QUESTION:
Did the Emancipation Proclamation “ennoble”
the cause of the North?
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Freedom to the Slave, 1863
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
This engraving celebrating the
Emancipation Proclamation first
appeared in 1863. While it places a
white Union soldier in the center, it
also portrays the important role of
African American troops and
emphasizes the importance of
education and literacy. (The Library
Company of Philadelphia)
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Blacks Enlist
• 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of
forces)
• Face discrimination & opposition from Northerners
• Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially
• 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners
• 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick
Douglass ( see the movie Glory)
• Many executed by South as prisoners
• South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of
the war, with little impact/effect
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African Americans
and the War
• 200,000 African American Union troops
• Many others labor in Northern war effort
• Lincoln pushes further for black rights
–
–
–
Organizes governments in conquered
Southern states that abolish slavery
Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery
January 31, 1865: 13th Amendment passed
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The Tide Turns
• May, 1863: War-weariness
–
–
–
–
–
New York riots against conscription
Anti-war activists like Congressman Clement
Vallandigham arrested
Grant bogged down at Vicksburg
Union defeated at Chancellorsville
Democrats “Copperheads” attack Lincoln
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Civil War,
1863–1865
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DRAFT RIOTS:
NYC draft riots in July 1863. 11 African
Americans lynched. 100 killed.
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The Tide Turns
• July, 1863
–
–
Confederate invasion of North fails at Battle of
Gettysburg
Vicksburg falls, North holds the Mississippi
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Gettysburg
• Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863
• Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails
• Marks furthest northern advance of Confederacy
• Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865,
this battle ends discussion in Europe about helping
South
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time
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Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties.
These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different
directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)
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Last Stages of the Conflict
• March 9, 1864: Grant made supreme
commander of Union armies
• Union invades the South on all fronts
–
–
William Sherman marches through Georgia
Grant lays siege to Richmond, Petersburg
• September 2: Sherman takes Atlanta
• November 8: Lincoln re-elected
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The Bitter End
• Vallandingham Controversy and the
Copperheads
• Election of 1864: Democrats split into 3
groups – War Democrats, Peace Democrats
and Copperheads
• Republicans and War Dems form the Union
Party, McClellan runs on Southern
Democratic ticket
• Lincoln wins: “bayonet votes” and recent
victories in war help swing the vote to Lincoln
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Election of 1864
Candidate
Party
Popular Vote Electoral Vote
Lincoln
McClellan
Republican
Democratic
2,213,655
1,805,237
212
21
*Out of a total of 233 electoral votes. The eleven secessionist states—
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia—did not vote.
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Copyright
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ive/liho/1864/1864e.htm
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http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000c7.htm
Title: UNION AND LIBERTY! UNION AND SLAVERY!
Year: 1864
Creator: M. W. Siebert, New York
Description: An anti-McClellan broadside, contrasting Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln's advocacy of equality and free labor in the North to
Democratic opponent McClellan's alleged support of the Southern slave system. The comparison is made in two scenes, "Union and Liberty" (left) and
"Union and Slavery" (right). In the first, Lincoln shakes the hand of a bearded man wearing a square paper labor cap, while black and white school
children issue from a schoolhouse flying the American flag in the background. On the right McClellan, in military uniform, shakes the hand of
Confederate president Jefferson Davis, as a slave auction takes place behind them.
URL: http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/photo_credits.asp?photoID=379&subjectID=4&ID=9
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Last Stages of the Conflict
• Sherman’s March to the sea through
Georgia
• “Scorched earth” policy
• April 2, 1865: Grant takes Richmond
• April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders
• April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated
• April 18, 1865: Last major Confederate
force under Joseph Johnston surrenders
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Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Sherman begins “total war” on South
• Invades Georgia with 60,000 men
• Targets homes, railways, crops, towns
• Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta 9/1864
• After destroying GA, went into SC
GOAL: destroy supplies destined for Northern front.
Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight.
WAS IT A SUCCESS?
It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet,
many atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.
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Map: Sherman's March to the Sea
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“After four years of arduous
service marked by unsurpassed
courage and fortitude, the Army
of Northern Virginia has been
compelled to yield to
overwhelming numbers and
resources.”
-Robert E. Lee
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Casualties of War
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Effects of the War
• Federal government predominant over
states
• Federal government takes activist role in
the economy
– Higher tariffs, free land, national banking
system
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Effects of the War
• 618,000 troops dead
• Bereft women seek non-domestic roles
• Four million African Americans free, not
equal
• Industrial workers face wartime inflation
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An Organizational Revolution
• Modern bureaucratic state emerges
• Individualism gives way to organized,
cooperative activity
• Catalyst for transformation of American
society in the late nineteenth century
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