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Transcript
From Isolation to Global War Chapter 16 Postwar Isolationism Resistance to international commitments The League of Nations and the U.S. Attempts at Disarmament Believed the armaments race had caused WWI Washington Armaments Conference of 1921 Five-Power Naval Treaty (1922) Postwar Isolationism The Kellogg-Briand Pact 62 countries “condemn recourse to war . . . And renounce it as an instrument of national policy.” Escape hatch – “self-defense” Becoming a Good Neighbor The Good Neighbor Policy U.S. would not intervene in Latin America Pan-American Conference New Problems in the 1930s Economic Problems in Europe-- As the U.S. struggled to recover during the Great Depression, so did all of Europe. Benito Mussolini rose to power in the 1920s out of an appeal to Italian nationalism. He symbolized the rising force of fascism. Adolph Hitler gained control of Germany in 1933 with calls of anticommunism, anti-Semitism, and the promise to unite all Germans. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933 in order to create its own empire. The rise of fascism and militarism in Europe and Asia brought the world to war. Appeasement Italy invaded North Africa in 1935. The world did nothing. Germany occupied the Rhineland in 1936. The world did nothing. A Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936. Hitler and Mussolini supplied Francisco Franco’s rebels with supplies, weapons, and troops. Other than the Soviet Union, the world did nothing. Japan invaded China in 1937. The world did nothing. Appeasement The U.S. followed a policy of cash-and-carry so that they would not get involved. In 1937, Germany, Japan, and Italy signed the Anti-Comintern (Tripartite) Pact and became known as the Axis powers. In 1938, Germany took over Austria, and threatened to annex the Sudetenland (full of ethnic Germans). Munich Conference (1938) British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain flew to meet with Germany and agreed if that was his last territorial gain. Six months later Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler’s Invasion By 1939 Hitler made little secret that he intended to recapture territory Germany lost to Poland after World War I. Germany and the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact in 1939 that would allow Hitler to invade western Poland and Stalin would annex eastern Poland, the Baltic states, and parts of Romania and Finland. Hitler invade Poland on September 1, 1939 and began an expansion that would eventually lead to all of continental Europe The Diplomacy of Isolationism Now, only Great Britain stood between Hitler and the United States. (Battle of Britain) U.S.: Isolationists versus Internationalists Nye Committee – Congressional committee led by Sen. Gerald Nye (ND) U.S. involvement in WWI caused by bankers and munitions makers - “merchants of death” The Diplomacy of Isolationism Support for the Allies grows because if they supply them they will not have to send troops. Cash-and-Carry Lend-Lease aid (ships in exchange for military bases in Bermuda, etc.) U.S. gives away supplies and delivers them Atlantic Charter (August 1941) Secret meeting between FDR and Churchill A joint declaration of war aims U.S. began arming merchant ships and ordered Navy to “shoot on sight” any German or Italian submarines that entered U.S. waters counter point counter Why was the U.S. hesitant to enter the war? To most Americans, domestic problems were more important than foreign affairs. Experiences in WWI – senseless bloodbath, no accomplishment. Japan Japan is expanding in the Pacific in search of raw materials. Problems U.S. insisted of Japan’s withdrawal from China Japan’s alliance with Germany and Italy Negotiations over commercial treaty U.S. had broken Japanese diplomatic codes U.S. freezes Japanese assets and starts embargo U.S. cuts off sale of airplane fuel to Japan and cuts back on other natural resources. Japanese Navy’s oil reserves (2 years) U.S. Enters War “Hull Note” delivered on Nov. 26, 1941 Basically restated U.S. demands Prime Minister Tōjō sees note as ultimatum and and proof that further diplomacy was futile. Japanese public opinion was firmly behind the decision for war. Late Nov., 1941 – U.S. learns Japanese Armada leaves Japan / lost track of and thought they were headed to attack the Philippines Dec. 6, Japan breaks off negotiations, December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii U.S. fleet caught unprepared 2400 sailors died, 1200 wounded,18 ships sunk, and 160 aircraft damaged and 200 destroyed. Only the aircraft carriers, by chance on maneuvers, escaped the worst naval defeat in American history. U.S. Entry FDR – “a date that will live in infamy.” Dec. 8, 1941 - U.S. declares war on Jap Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. With the Japanese attack on the U.S., World War II became a global war. The U.S. would enter the war against counter point counter Did Roosevelt Deliberately Invite War? Cultural Misconceptions May have explained the coming of war better than any conspiracy theory. American leaders were surprised by the attack on Pearl Harbor because they could not quite believe that the Japanese were daring or resourceful enough to attack an American stronghold some 4,000 miles from Japan. Japanese militarists counted on a surprise attack to give them time to build a line of defense strong enough to discourage weak-willed Westerners from continuing Significant Events 1931 Japan invades Manchuria 1935 First Neutrality Act 1939 World War II begins in Europe 1940 Roosevelt wins third term 1941 Congress adopts Lend-Lease Act Roosevelt & Churchill sign Atlantic Charter Pearl harbor attacked 1942 WPB and WLB created Battles of Guadalcanal and Midway fought American and British troops invade North Africa 1944 D-Day invasion of France Island hopping campaign reaches Guam 1945 Atom bombs dropped on Japan