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Period 6 Notes
Accelerating Global Change and
Realignments, c. 1900 to the Present
• Overview
Chinese Revolution
– Chinese Revolution occurred in
multiple stages
• Xinhai Revolution (1911) – overthrow of
Qing Dynasty & creation of Republic of
China
• Northern Expedition (1926-28) – victory of
Nationalists over local warlords that
resulted in reunification of China.
• 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1936-45) –
Japanese take control of much of NE
China
• Civil War (1945-49) – after WWII,
Communists seize power and Nationalists
retreat to Taiwan
Chinese Revolution
• Who?
– Sun Yat Sen led overthrow of
Qing & became 1st President
(led Guomindang “Nationalists”)
– Chaing Kai Shek was ally of Sun
Yat Sen and led Nationalists
after Sen’s death
– Mao Zedong led Communist
Revolution against Chiang Kai
Shek
– Peasants, intellectuals, workers
Chinese Revolution
• Why?
– Desire to remove failing Qing
Dynasty
– Increasing Western influence
– Desire for Republic
– Anti-foreign sentiment (Manchu,
West, Japan)
– Communism
Chinese Revolution
• Challenges/Setbacks
– Division between
Nationalists & Communists
led to civil war
– Weakened state was easier
for Japanese to invade
during 2nd Sino-Japanese
War
– Infighting about Western
influence, communism vs.
capitalism, empire vs.
republic, class divisions,
warlords
• Results
Chinese Revolution
– Internal fighting & disorder for most
of time between 1911 – 1949
– End of 2000 years of imperial system
– Creation of two competing Chinas
(People’s Republic of China
(Communist mainland China) &
Republic of China (Capitalist Taiwan)
– PRC highly secretive and restrictive,
but quality of life improves as 20th
century continues
– Taiwan becomes U.S. ally and large
exporter
Long Term Causes of WW I
• Militarism
– Massive buildup of
armies/arms
– Obsession with national
security was a product of
nationalism
– Example: British/German
naval race
Long Term Causes of WW I
• Alliances
– Europe divided into 2
armed alliances
pledging mutual
support
– Led to domino effect
once war started
• Triple Entente (Allies):
Britain, France, Russia
(Serbia)
• Triple Alliance (Central
Powers): Germany, Austria,
Ottoman Empire
European
Map of WWI
What
disadvantage did
the Central
Powers have?
Long Term Causes of WW I
• Imperialism
– Competition over
acquiring colonies
(esp. in Africa) led
to significant
tension
Global Map of WWI
What % of the world was affected by WWI?
Long Term Causes of WW I
• Nationalism
– Countries placed their own
self-interest above
cooperation
– Fierce rivalries/hatred
develop between nations
– Examples: Balkan
Peninsula, France/German
Short Term Causes of WW I
• The spark, or catalyst
that starts WWI is the
Assassination of the
Austrian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
By terms of prior
agreement France
enters war to aid
Russia
Trench Warfare
Why does the US Enter WWI?
• German unrestricted
submarine warfare
• Zimmerman
Telegram
• Alliance with Great
Britain
• Concern with
mounting casualties
• Desire to be involved
in peace talks
Zimmerman Telegram
Short Term Effects of WWI
• 10 million soldiers
killed
– RUS – 2 mil., GER – 1.3
mil., FRA – 1.3 mil., GB
– 900,000, US –
115,000
• 4 million civilians killed
• $180 billion
Long Term Effects
Treaty of Versailles Successes
Treaty of Versailles Failures
• Creation of League of
Nations
• Self-determination of
European countries in
Balkans
• Poland formed as new
nation between GER & RUS
• Germany takes blame for
war, forced to pay
reparations, demilitarize
and give up border land to
France & all colonies
• Self-determination not
granted to non-European
peoples
• Mandates created in
Ottoman Empire
• Israel not created as Jewish
homeland
• Militaries not reduced
• Freedom of trade on the seas
not established
• USA does NOT join
• Alliances not eliminated
Long Term Effects
• Destruction of Eastern &
Central European Empires
• Communism arises in Russia
• Weakening of the West
– Economic instability, loss of
colonies, concessions made,
power shifts to US & Japan
• Social & Political
Transformations
– Power shift to middle class
– Women’s suffrage in 1920s
Women’s Suffrage
Women’s
Suffrage
The 1920s
• Great economic growth in the
U.S. (‘Roaring 20s’)
• Turmoil in Europe as it rebuilds
from WWI (especially
Germany)
• Colonies grew restless & tired
of imperial rule
• Communism grew more
popular (especially in Russia &
China)
The Great Depression
• Period of economic depression
starting in late 1920s through the
end of WWII
– Starts first in USA & Western Europe
but affects entire world
• Causes
– War induced inflation
– Overproduction during WWI
resulted in supply becoming greater
than demand
The Great Depression
• Causes
– Poor financial decisions of the
‘roaring 20s’
– Colonial economies tied to
those of mother countries
multiplied the impact
– Stock Market Crash 1929
• Wall Street Collapse
• Purchasing of stocks on margin
• Effects
The Great Depression
– Western Democracies & Japan affected the most
• Unemployment extremely high
• Values of exports drop
• Government get’s more involved in economy (FDR’s “New
Deal”)
• Extreme political reactions & massive rearmament
– Germany  Rise of Nazis, Italy  Rise of Fascism, Japan  Rise
of extreme militarism
– USSR not affected as they did not rely on market
forces
• Stalin had implemented 5 Year Plans to rapidly reorganize
and industrialize Russian society
Long Term Causes of WWII
• Totalitarian Rule
– Arose in vulnerable countries
– Aggressive & persuasive
leaders who had ‘answers’ to
post-WWI questions
• Blamed scapegoats
• Massive rearming
• Focus on nationalism
Long Term Causes of WWII
• Totalitarian Rule
– Growth of Fascism
• Starts in Italy with Mussolini
• Response to economic/social
problems
• Strong central government
• Aggressive foreign policy
• Anti-democracy
• Place state above individual
Long Term Causes of WWII
• Treaty of Versailles
– Source of bitterness between
GER & USSR
– German financial burden put
them in desperate situation
– Newly created countries
created disputes
– Failed to resolve nationalist
issues
Long Term Causes of WWII
• Appeasement
– GB & FRA give into
Hitler’s demands to
avoid contact
– League of Nations
unable to deter
Japanese thirst for
empire
Long Term Causes of WWII
• Japan’s Desire for a
Pacific Empire
– Rival with U.S. for control
of the Pacific
– Increasing need for
resources due to rapid
industrialization
– Conquest was an
expression of feelings of
superiority
Short Term Causes of WWII
• German invasion of
Poland
– September 1, 1939
– Germany attacks Poland
using Blitzkreig tactics
– Pulls GB & FRA into war
• Hitler did not expect them
to intervene after pattern
of appeasement
WWII in European Theatre of War
Short Term Causes of WWII
• Japanese Attack on Pearl
Harbor
– December 7, 1941
– Sneak attack on U.S. naval
forces
– Does not destroy entire
U.S. fleet
• “I fear we have awakened a
sleeping giant.”
WWII
Pacific
Theatre of
War
Effects of WWII
• War Crimes Trials
– Nuremberg Trials for
Nazis
– Tokyo Trials for Japanese
– To some degree served as
inspiration of modern
International Criminal
Court (ICC)
Effects of WWII
• European powers lose
their colonial empires
– Occurs slowly throughout
20th century
• U.S. & U.S.S.R. emerged as
rival superpowers
– Led to Cold War
– Capitalist Democracy vs.
Communist Dictatorship
Effects of WWII
• Growth of International
Organizations
– United Nations (UN)
• New & improved version of
League of Nations
• International peacekeeping
organization
• Security Council placed world
powers in control
– International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Created to foster economic
cooperation and growth
Effects of WWII
• Europe rebuilt with the
Marshall Plan
– Economic recovery was
meant to keep Europe
from falling back into
despair
– Bolstered U.S. economy
– Germany divided into 4
zones of occupation
Effects of WWII
• Japan rebuilt with
assistance of U.S.
– Direct U.S. military
occupation under General
MacArthur
– Japanese military removed
– New constitution written
– U.S. takes responsibility for
protection of Japan
– Japanese economy
rebounds quickly
What was the Cold War?
• Defeat of Germany broke
up Grand Alliance of GB,
US, & USSR
• Soviets break post-WWII
promises
• State of hostilities and
suspicion without actually
direct military conflict
between the US & USSR
between 1945 & 1989.
Initial Stage of the Cold War
(1945-1969)
• Fall of the West –
replacement by
two
superpowers &
their alliances
Initial Stage of the Cold War
(1945-1969)
• Soviet absorption of
Eastern Europe
• Containment Policy &
Domino Theory
– George Keenan
– Truman Doctrine
Initial Stage of the Cold War
(1945-1969)
• Arms Race between US
& USSR
• Mutually Assured
Destruction (MAD) Theory
– Keeps both powers in check
– Intensifies importance of
diplomacy
– Makes previous military
planning instantly obsolete
Initial Stage of the Cold War
(1945-1969)
• Growth of international organizations
– Necessary to avoid WWIII
– United Nations
– NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
• Globalization of the Cold War
– Impact on non-aligned (3rd world) countries
• New nations modernize & are freed from Europeans
• Superpowers compete for influence
• Fuels Domino Theory
Détente Stage of the Cold War
(1969-1979)
• Détente – relaxing of tensions
between the US & USSR
– Why?
– Effects of Cuban Missile Crisis
– US War weary from 15 years in
Vietnam
• US & USSR suffering from
economic problems
– Soviet fear of improving relations
between US & China
Détente Stage of the Cold War
(1969-1979)
• China & USSR reenter global market
• Treaties Signed
– Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
– SALT I
– Helsinki Accords (Human Rights Doctrine)
• Why does Détente end in 1979?
– Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
– American response is hard line foreign policy
with build up of military again
Final Stage of the Cold War
(1979-1989)
• US becomes more aggressive
– Reagan ushers in Star Wars program &
new arms race & aggressively pushes for
Soviet conciliation
– US enters affairs of Latin America to
actively discourage communist
governments
• Soviet economy & influence failing
– Dissident movements in Soviet union growing
– Nationalism growing in E. Europe
Final Stage of the Cold War
(1979-1989)
• Gorbachev’s reforms
– Perestroika & Glasnost
– Despite attempts at reform, would
not totally abandon communism
• INF Treaty
• Soviets slowly loosen grip on E.
Europe
– E. Europe & Baltic States become free
– Coup is attempted but fails &USSR breaks
up
What does this mean to former Soviet
Union & her allies?