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WWII
Causes of WWII
• 1) Great Depression: Worldwide economic
crisis puts too much stress on many countries
• 2) Treaty of Versailles: Unfair treaty after WWI
punished Germany too severely
• 3) Failure of the League of Nations: League
was too weak to stop Japanese, Italian, &
German aggression
• 4) Japanese Aggression: Japanese military
takes over Manchuria (part of China; 1931)
Causes of WWII
• 5) Italian Aggression: Italy attacks
Ethiopia; 1935
• 6) German Aggression: After taking
Austria and Czechoslovakia, Hitler invades
Poland
The World in the 1930’s
• The Soviet Union
• Ruled by dictator Joseph
Stalin
• Totalitarian government:
the government and every
aspect of the peoples’ lives
is controlled by one party
• 5 year plans forced USSR
to modernize
• Execution & torture of
political enemies
• Fascist dictator
Benito Mussolini in
power
• Fascism = militarism,
extreme nationalism
(my country is
always right) and
total loyalty to the
leader “Il Duce”
• Invaded and took
over Ethiopia; 1935
Italy
Germany
• Germany kept taking more
and more land from its
neighbors while the League
of Nations did nothing.
Rhineland, Sudetenland,
Austria
• Adolph Hitler &
Nazi Party came
to power by
blaming Jews
for Treaty of
Versailles along
with most of
Germany's
problems
• Fascist
Government
• German
invasion of
Poland caused
WWII in Europe
Japan
Depression hurt
Japanese
economy
Military took over
Emperor Hirohito
Superior Japanese
would conquer all
of Asia
Invaded
Manchuria, China;
1931
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USA
President: FDR
Foreign policy of isolationism
(WWI)
Focused on Western
Hemisphere
Good Neighbor policy in Latin
America
WWII Begins
• 1937; Asia:
• Japan begins
total war with
China
• The Rape of
Nanking:
300,000
civilians &
POW’s killed
in 6 weeks
• Hitler kept
taking more
and more land
• UK & France
thought he
would stop
• Agreed to give
Czechoslovakia
to Germany
• Appeasement
at Munich
Europe
Peace in
our time.
Sucker
!
War in Europe
• Summer, 1939: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
• September, 1939: -Blitzkrieg- Germany
Invades Poland.– England & France
declare war on Germany & its allies; Italy
& Japan.
• 1940 Germany Invades France
successfully using Manstein Plan (like
Schleiffen Plan)
NaziSoviet
NonAggression
Pact
German Invasion of Poland
Germany Conquers France
using Manstein Plan
Axis vs. Allies
Axis
Germany
Allies
England
Italy
France
Japan
USSR
USA
US Moves Toward War
• 1) Cash & Carry, Old Destroyers to UK.
• 2) More $ for the military, 1st peace-time
draft declared
• 3) June 1941: Hitler launches surprise
attack on Soviet Union breaking nonaggression pact
• 4) Lend-Lease Act: March 1941, allowed
US to sell or lease military supplies to the
Allies including U.S.S.R.
–Is this isolationism?
On December 7th 1941 the Japanese Navy
attacked the US Naval Base at Pearl Harbor,
Hawai’i
The U.S.S. Arizona continues to
leak oil in this 2004 photograph
WHY did the Japanese attack the
United States?
Because
 1) The U.S, was conducting an embargo
which kept the Japanese from acquiring the
raw materials and petroleum they needed to
keep their war machine going
 2) The Japanese knew that war with the U.S.
was inevitable, so they hoped to destroy our
navy before the war started.
Results of the Attack
2,388 people were
killed and another
1,178 were wounded.
Though the U.S. Navy
lost several ships
and many planes,
the damages were
not critical.
Did not damage
aircraft carriers. The
US will use those
carriers to defeat
Japan in a few years
Reactions to the attack
Reactions to the attack
• US
citizens
want
revenge
Reactions to the attack
• Congress
declares
war on
Japan
• Germany
and Italy
declare
war on
US
The United States Goes to War
• Training: Army, Navy, & Air Force
bases constructed all over the
country to train combat troops.
• Women joined armed forces, not
allowed in combat, many female
pilots used for cargo flights
Production
• Government takes
control of economy
during the war
• War Production Board:
government agency in
charge of the
economy. Helped
factories convert to
making military goods
• Unemployment went
way down, production
went way up,
Depression over
Rationing
• Most factories were producing
military goods, so consumer goods
became scarce.
• The government limited amount of
goods people could buy. Americans
had to use coupons to buy many
products. No coupons = no
products
• Victory Gardens: Americans
encouraged to grow their own food
• Government paid for the war by
raising taxes and selling bonds
Women & the Economy
• Similar to WWI, many
women worked in
factories producing
military goods.
• Over 5 million women
worked
• Many won better
wages & hours
• War work made
women more
confident in
themselves
African Americans
• Many African Americans joined the
segregated military
• Similar to WWI, many African Americans
moved to northern cities for factory work
• Double “V” Campaign: Victory in war &
victory against discrimination at home.
Reduced job discrimination
• African Americans served in all branches of
armed forces
• Tuskegee Airmen: group of very successful,
heroic African American fighter pilots
Japanese Internment
Because Pearl Harbor was a “sneak attack”
Americans began to distrust Americans of
Japanese or even Chinese descent.
There were rumors that Japanese-American
citizens would spy for Japan or sabotage the
war effort.
The U.S.
government
decided to
lock up any
JapaneseAmericans
for the
duration of
the war.
Internment camps were set-up in
isolated areas of the country
Japanese-Americans were rounded
and sent by train to their new “homes”
120,000 Japanese-Americans were placed
in camps for the duration of the war.
More Discrimination
 German & Italian
Americans also faced
discrimination
 Curfews, job
discrimination
 11,000 Germans &
several hundred ItalianAmericans locked up for
the war
Mexican Americans & the Bracero Program
 US didn’t have enough
workers
 1942 treaty with Mexico:
allowed businesses to
bring in Mexican
laborers; The Bracero
Program
 Led to racial tension &
fights between Mexicans
& Anglos in the
Southwest
 Many Mexican-Americans
served in military
Major Battles & Turning Points
Stalingrad
• Siege of
Stalingrad:
Nazis
running out
of oil. Need
to get oil in
Caspian
Sea. Can’t
conquer
Stalingrad.
900 day
siege, Nazis
fail. 1 million
Soviets die.
Stalingrad
• Important
because the
Soviets did not
allow the Nazis
to get the oil that
their war
machine
needed.
• Tide of war
began turning in
favor of the
Allies
The Japanese in the Pacific
• By 1942 the
Japanese
controlled
much of the
Pacific
• US Navy
(aircraft
carriers)
started to
turn the tide
at the Battle
of Wake
Island
Battle of El Alamein
• British
defeat
Germans in
Africa
• Beat
German
General
Erwin
Rommel
• Saved
supply route
• Cut Nazis off
from oil
Allied Supplies
Invasion of Italy, 1943
• Combined
British &
American
invasion of
Italy didn’t
go very
well, but it
stretched
the German
army very
thin
Invasion of Normandy (D-Day), 1944
• Allies invade
France to free
it from
German
control
• Created 2
Front war for
Germany
• Germany will
soon be
overpowered
by Allies
Allies Win, FDR Dies
• 1944: British, Americans,
Soviets all close in on
Berlin
• Hitler commits suicide in
bunker, Germans
surrender.
• FDR wins re-election in
1944, dies in 1945.
Harry S Truman
becomes President
War in the Pacific
• A. US Goals:
– i. Regain
the
Philippines
– ii. Invade
the
Japanese
Islands
War in the Pacific…
• B. Island Hopping: invade Japan by capturing
islands in the Pacific along the way
Island Hopping
• i. Navajo
code-talkers
help US
forces
communicate
without
Japanese
interception
Island Hopping
• ii. Gen.
MacArthur
leads US
forces to
victory in
Philippines,
Iwo Jima, &
Okinawa
II. Surrender of Japan
a. Potsdam Declaration: Allies demand
unconditional surrender or Japan will
face, “prompt and utter destruction.”
b. Enola Gay drops 1st atomic bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan; 70,000 people
killed instantly. 3 days later another
a-bomb dropped on Nagasaki. 40,000
people killed instantly. Many more
people die later from radiation
poisoning.
The Atomic
Bomb
• 6 million Jews,
5 million
Gypsies,
communists,
homosexuals,
mentally &
physically
disabled,
POW’s, etc.
• Over 11 million
people
systematically
murdered by
the Nazi regime
of Germany
The Holocaust
The Nuremberg Trials
• War crimes trials
• 1945-1946: The
Allies put Nazi
leaders on trial
for the atrocities
of the Holocaust
• “I was just
following orders”
not an excuse
• 12 Nazi leaders
hanged for their
crimes