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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
2009
Ira Pohl
TIM Oct 29 , 2009
Talk
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What is AI?
A brief history
Use in Industry
UCSC work
Future
What is AI?
• AI – a science/engineering of intelligence
– In analogy to aeronautical engineering/flying
• AI – model of “human/cognitive” system
– Is done as a theory of human intelligence
Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and
intelligence":
• Operational test for intelligent behavior:
the Imitation Game
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• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might
have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person
for 5 minutes
• Anticipated all major arguments against AI
• Loebner Prize
Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
• 1960s "cognitive revolution": informationprocessing psychology Newell and Simon GPS
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• Requires scientific theories of internal activities
of the brain
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• -- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects
(top-down)
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data
(bottom-up)
Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
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Several Greek schools developed
various forms of logic: notation and rules
of derivation for thoughts; may or may
not have proceeded to the idea of
mechanization
Direct line through mathematics and
philosophy to modern AI
-Boole
Kleene, Church, Turing – McCarthy,
Robinson
AI prehistory
• Philosophy
• Mathematics
• Economics/OR
• Neuroscience
• Psychology
• Computer Science
• Linguistics
Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
utility, decision theory
physical substrate for mental activity
phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
building fast computers, algorithms
knowledge representation, grammar
Abridged history of AI
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1943
1950
1956
1950s
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1965
1969—79
1980
1995
2003
20xx
McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
Early development of knowledge-based systems
AI industry -Symbolics
The emergence of intelligent agents
iRobot – roomba Pacbot510
nurses, chauffeurs
Packbot 510
RIBA -2008 Nurse Robot
Riba Description
• RIBA — short for “Robot for Interactive Body
Assistance” — was developed by researchers at
Japan’s Institute of Physical and Chemical
Research (RIKEN) and Tokai Rubber Industries,
Ltd. (TRI). Designed primarily to assist nurses by
lifting patients in and out of their beds and
wheelchairs (as well as on and off the toilet), the
180-kilogram (400-lb) robot can safely pick up
and carry people weighing as much as 61
kilograms (135 lbs).
State of the art
• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry
Kasparov in 1997 -current best 3100+ vs 2800 for humans
• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for
decades
• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time
from Pittsburgh to San Diego) in 1995 -2005 132mile unknown
terrain-completely autonomous
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics
planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000
vehicles, cargo, and people
• Roomba 2002
• RIBA 2007
UCSC AI-and related
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Pohl- Heuristic Search, Should Robots have Nuclear ARMs
Levinson-Morph, semantic networks
Mateas-Games Intelligent dialog for characters,Façade Interactive drama
Helmbold, Warmuth- effective learning algorithms
McDowell,Doshay- Go program(machine champ in 2006)
Elkaim- Autonomous Sailboat
Wentai Liu – visual prosthesis, neural information processing
Achievements
• LISP, Time Sharing
• Games – early space war games
• Intellectual Games – mastery in Chess,
checkers, othello, backgammon, scrabble– But not(yet) Go or Poker
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MACSYMA –Mathematica, MATLAB
DENDRAL(chemistry, medicine … experts)
Robotics
Speech and Handwriting recognition