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Artificial Intelligence
Bodies of animals are nothing more
than complex machines
- Rene Descartes
What is A.I.
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It is the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs. It is
related to the similar task of using
computers to understand human
intelligence, but AI does not have to
confine itself to methods that are
biologically observable.
What is A.I.
Intelligence is the computational part of
the ability to achieve goals in the
world. Varying kinds and degrees of
intelligence occur in people, many
animals and some machines.
History of A.I.
History of A.I.
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Dates as far back as the Egyptians
with the mythical statues
Socrates thought of it too
The Wolfgang von Kempelen's Maezel
Chess Automaton
1956 the first AI program, the Logic
Theoris
Strong vs. Weak A.I.
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Can computers ever become
intelligent?
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Strong A.I. – Yes!
Weak A.I. – No!
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Strong vs. Weak A.I.
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Strong AI is the claim that some forms
of artificial intelligence can truly reason
and solve problems; strong AI states
that it is possible for machines to
become sapient, or self-aware, but
may or may not exhibit human-like
thought processes.
Strong vs. Weak A.I.
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Weak AI refers to the use of software
to study the behavioristic and
pragmatic view of intelligence. In weak
AI, there is not the claim for software
actually being intelligent, but just being
a tool we use to assess hypotheses
regarding the nature of intelligence.
Human Brain vs. Computers
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Human Brain
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Performs many parallel operations
Neurons
Computer
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Performs single operations quickly
Ghz
Why A.I.
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Engineering: To get machines to
do a wider variety of useful things
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e.g., understand spoken natural
language, recognize individual people
in visual scenes, find the best travel
plan for your vacation, etc.
Why A.I.
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Cognitive Science: As a way to
understand how natural minds and
mental phenomena work
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e.g., visual perception, memory, learning,
language, etc.
Turin Thesis
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Written by Alan Turin and published in
1950, is a seminal paper on the topic
of artificial intelligence in which the
concept of what is now known as the
Turing Test was introduced
Turin Test
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Three rooms contain a person, a computer,
and an interrogator
The interrogator can communicate with the
other two by teleprinter.
The interrogator tries to determine which is
the person and which is the machine.
The machine tries to fool the interrogator
into believing that it is the person.
If the machine succeeds, then we conclude
that the machine can think.
ELIZA
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1966 computer program by Joseph
Weizenbaum
Passed the Turin Test
Emulates a therapist
First script was DOCTOR.
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The script was a simple collection of syntactic
patterns not unlike regular expressions
Each pattern had associated reply including bits
of the input (after simple transformations (my ->
your)
ELIZA
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ELIZA emulated as a therapist, largely
by rephrasing many of the patient's
statements as questions and posing
them to the patient. Thus, for example,
the response to "My head hurts" might
be "Why do you say your head hurts?"
The response to "My mother hates me"
might be "Who else in your family
hates you?"
ELIZA
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Modern ELIZA like applications
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Chatterbot
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Ask Jeeves
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Microsoft Office Assistant
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Role playing video games
GAME A.I.
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Role-Playing-Games
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Strategy Games
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Fantasy war game such as “Final
Fantasy”
Age of Empires
Action Games
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Half Life
The Loebner Contest
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A modern version of the Turing Test, held annually,
with a $100,000 cash prize.
http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html
Participants include a set of humans and a set of
computers and a set of judges.
Scoring
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Rank from least human to most human.
Highest median rank wins $2000. ($3000 in 2005)
If better than a human, win $100,000. (Nobody yet…)
The 2004 winner, Alice, is a chatbot. Try it at
http://www.alicebot.org/
A.I. Today
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ASIMO
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Advanced Step in Innovative MObility
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Recognition of moving objects
Recognition of postures and gestures
Environment recognition
Distinguishing sounds
Facial recognition
The End
Host :
Yuan Yao