Download The Development of AI

The Development of AI
St Kentigern’s Academy
Unit 3 – Artificial Intelligence
Human Intelligence
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There are many different types of
intelligence and many scholars have
tried to give definition to the term.
Human intelligence is seen as:
– The ability to communicate;
– The ability to retain knowledge; &
– The ability to problem solve.
Turing Test
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The first person to discuss criteria for
machine intelligence was the British
computer scientist Alan Turing.
He developed a game called the
‘imitation game’, which today we call
the Turing Test
Turing Test
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An interrogator is connected to one person
and one machine via a terminal, therefore
can’t see her counterparts.
Her task is to find out which of the two
candidates is the machine and which is the
machine by asking them questions.
If the machine can ‘fool’ the interrogator it
is deemed intelligent
Turing Test
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No-one has managed to write a
successful program that can pass the
‘Turing Test’.
Game Playing
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Early attempt to create artificial
intelligence were based on writing
programs which could play games.
It was felt that if a program could play
a game and beat a human, it would show
intelligence
Game Playing
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Some of the games include noughts and
crosses, draughts and even chess.
These games were viewed as requiring a
degree of logic, reasoning and imagination.
Many of the early game-playing programs
achieved their goal inasmuch as they were
capable of playing against a human and
sometimes winning
Game Playing
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An early draughts game, 1950’s, could
not only play but could learn from
previous games on how to improve its
performance.
In 1997 ‘Deep Blue’ beat the best chess
player in the world – Garry Kasparov.
AI experts at the time were surprised
as they had not expected it to happen
so soon.
Game Playing
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All game-playing programs have three
characteristics in common:
– they were played in a restricted domain;
– they had a clearly defined set of rules,
– the criterion for success was
straightforward.
Eliza to Chatterbots
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Eliza was one of the first attempts to write
a program which could hold a conversation
with a human.
It was written by Joseph Weizenbaum in
1966 and is still popular today.
The intention was to create a computer
psychologist that could respond to people’s
problems by talking them through.
Eliza to Chatterbots
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There are many Eliza spin offs with
different personalities, mainly because
people quite enjoy the novelty of having
a conversation with a computer.
Eliza to Chatterbots
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However, Eliza simply picks out
keywords from the ‘patient’ and inserts
them into a response.
In some versions when the program
can’s find a suitable keyword, Eliza’s
response is ‘Tell me more’.
This shows that Eliza has no true
understanding of the conversations.
Eliza to Chatterbots
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There has been a resurgence of
interest in programs which can hold a
conversation with humans partly due to
the internet.
Such programs are sometimes referred
to as ‘chatterbots’
Eliza to Chatterbots
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A chatterbot is a computer program
for simulating conversation between a
human and a machine.
You input a question or a statement and
the computer replies.
Smarterchild.
Eliza to Chatterbots
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Applications
– Chatterbots are becoming very useful in the
commercial world with the growth of e-commerce
on the WWW. More and more companies are
placing chatterbots on their websites to interact
and converse with the user.
– The three main applications are:
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Internet search tools
Interactive website
Shopping bots
Expert Sytems
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Expert systems collect the small
fragments of human know-how into a
knowledge base which is used to reason
through a problem, using the knowledge
which is appropriate.
Instead of attempting to create an
intelligent program, research focused
on creating a means of representing
and accessing knowledge.
Expert Sytems
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Expert systems are computer programs
which could offer advice in a restricted
subject where it was possible to create
facts and rules representing
knowledge.
An expert system is an attempt to
replace the human expert and to make
their knowledge available in a costeffective form.
Expert Sytems
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Advantages of Expert Systems
– More available than a human expert;
– Don’t have to pay the system wages;
– They have the combined knowledge from
more than 1 human expert;
– They are less prone to error.
Hardware Developments
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Early AI developments were restricted due
to the limitations of hardware.
Better hardware has meant that more
sophisticated games can be developed.
– Faster processors;
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To search through the program
– More memory;
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To load more information
– Increased backing storage.
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To store more rules and facts