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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence CSC361 Artificial Intelligence CSC361 1 What is AI? Definition: Artificial Intelligence may be defined as the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behaviour. Ultimate Goal: to build an intelligent humanlike machine (hardware + software) that thinks and acts like a human being. Artificial Intelligence CSC361 2 Intelligent Behavior? • Human behaviour is regarded as intelligent behaviour. Animal behaviour is not. • Its features: – Problem solving ability – Learning ability – Ability to perceive environment i.e. ability to see and hear. Etc. Etc. Artificial Intelligence CSC361 3 Why build this Intelligent Machine? • Why has man built a car, an aero plane, a telescope, a gun, …..?? • Man wants to survive in this world. So man wants to control the environment around him to survive better. • Intelligent machine will be like a ‘slave’ to him … help him in doing daily tasks, solving problems, ….. Artificial Intelligence CSC361 4 What is the history of AI? 1956: Dartmouth meeting John MaCarthy proposed the name “Artificial Intelligence” But history goes back to Greek times…… Greek Philosopher Aristotle first one to study ‘thought process’. Developed logic and referred to it as an instrument for study of thought. 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean model of brain 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine Artificial Intelligence CSC361 5 What is the history of AI? 1952-69: Work on Perception, Natural Language... 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning. 1966—73: AI discovers computational complexity. 1969—79: Early development of knowledge-based systems (Medical Diagnosis etc.) 1980: AI becomes an industry. 1986: Neural networks return to popularity. 1987: AI becomes a science. 1995: The emergence of intelligent agents. Artificial Intelligence CSC361 6 What is the history of AI? • Researchers build AI programs having some aspect of intelligence… not 100%. • The order in which AI problems where tackled: – Early Work: Game playing, theorem proving, commonsense reasoning. – Subsequent Work: Perception (Vision and speech), Natural Language Understanding, Expert Problem Solving. Artificial Intelligence CSC361 7 What is the history of AI? • Why this order? – Researchers thought humans learn perception early in their life, without any training. Therefore writing an intelligent program capable of perception must be easy compared to writing a program capable of expert problem solving. • It turned out that expert behaviour is easier to program compared to perception. Artificial Intelligence CSC361 8 When can we say that a program is intelligent? Turing Test: An experiment is performed to determine if a program is intelligent or not. Artificial Intelligence CSC361 9 How can AI problems be classified? Mundane Tasks Perception (Vision, Speech) Natural Language (Understanding, Generation,Translation) Commonsense Reasoning (e.g. I can be either here or in my room; not both.) Robot Control Artificial Intelligence CSC361 10 How can AI problems be classified? Formal Tasks Games (Chess, Backgammon, Checkers, Go) Mathematics (Geometry, Logic, Integral Calculus, Proving properties of programs) Artificial Intelligence CSC361 11 How can AI problems be classified? Expert Tasks Engineering (Design, Fault Diagnosis, Manufacturing Planning) Scientific Analysis Medical Diagnosis Financial Analysis Artificial Intelligence CSC361 12 What has AI achieved? • Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 • Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades • Autonomous vehicle developed. • During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people • NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of Hubble telescope. Artificial Intelligence CSC361 13