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• About this course • How do you take this course? • What is AI? 1 Objectives of this course This course is aimed at increasing the study motivation of students in AI field, making students understand what the field of AI is, what its history is, and what roles AI plays in our human life and society, and understand basic principles and techniques. Upon successful completion of this course, the student should be able to (1) understand basic ideas of AI, (2) master some of the essential techniques of AI, (3) be interested in AI and its applications in the real world. syllabus 2 Each Lecture (スケジュール) 授業の流れ get ready lecturing quizzes or comments (感想文) 評価方法 • Attendance, work in classroom, exercise at home: 40% (2/3 出席が必要です) • Final Exam: 60% お願い 1. Come to lecture in time (遅れないように). 2. Do not talk when I am lecturing (授業中、喋ないように). 3. Bring a A4 paper, which for answering quizzes or writing comments (A4 紙を持って来て、わすれないように) 3 Text books [1] “Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach”, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13- 103805-2 (English version). [2] “エージェントアプロ-チ人工知能”, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig 著, 古川康一監訳、 共立出版, ISBN 4-320-02878-3 (Japanese version). References [1] Javaによる知能プログラミング入門 [単行本] 新谷 虎松 (著) , 出版社: コロナ社. [2] “Constructing Intelligent Agents with Java”, Joseph P. Bigus and Jennifer Bigus, Wiley Computer Publishing. 4 Suggested ways of study 1. Pre-study (予習) Read lecture notes. http://cis.k.hosei.ac.jp/~rhuang/Miccl/hehome/index.html Read textbook. “エージェントアプロ-チ人工知能” The chapters related to the following topics: • Searching algorithms (探索アルゴリズム) • Game algorithms (ゲームアルゴリズム) • Knowledge representation and logic language (知識表現 と論理言語) • Logic based Inferences (推理方法) • Rule based Inferences (前向き推理と後ろ向き推理) 2. Look at dictionary 5 What is AI (Artificial Intelligence, 人工知能)? • Understand The field AI attempts to understand intelligent entities. • Apply The study of AI is for applying constructed intelligent entities to computers or machines. • Impact Computers with human-level intelligence would have a huge impact on our everyday life. 6 • Definition of AI “The exciting new effort to make computers think … machine with minds, … ” (Haugeland, 1985) “The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models” (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) “Activities that we associated with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning … “ (Bellman, 1978) “ The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston, 1992) “The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990) “A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkoff, 1990) “The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better” (Rich and Knight, 1991) “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior” (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993) In conclusion, they falls into four categories: Systems that think like human, act like human, think rationally, or act rationally. What is your definition of AI? 7 AI Foundations? AI inherited many ideas, viewpoints and techniques from other disciplines. To investigate human mind Theories of reasoning and learning AI Linguistic Mathematics The meaning and structure of language CS Make AI a reality Theories of logic probability, decision making and computation 8 • History - Study of intelligence For over 2000 years, philosophers have tried to understand how seeing, learning, remembering, and reasoning could, should be done. - Appearance of computers Computer projects were started in 1940s. * early: chess programs, simulation of 40 neurons,… * great expectations: “Electronic Super-Brain”, “Faster Than Einstein” , … - Study of AI It was formally initiated in 1956. (Two months workshop by Mc Carthy brought together US researchers and all agreed on Mc Carthy’s proposed name for this field: AI) Lisp became the dominant AI programming language. (proposed by Mc Carthy ) e.g. the Logic Theorist, General Problem Solver, Geometry Theorem Prover (Mc Carthy’s first complete AI systems). 9 Software intelligent agents Collaborative agents Smart Agents Interface Agents Multi-Agents Mobile Agents Hybrid Agents Information Agents Heterogeneous Agents Reactive Agents …… 10 Some development environments and tools • Jade (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework) http://jade.tilab.com/ -- a multi-agent system platform developed in Java language. • Jess (Jave Expert System Shell) http://www.jessrules.com/ -- a rule engine and scripting environment written entirely in Java language. 11 - AI became an industry in 1980s * Commercial expert system, R1, began operation at Digital Equipment Corporation in 1982. * Japan proposed to develop 5th generation computer (intelligent computer) project (10 years plan) in 1986. http://www.japanlaw.com/lawletter/july86/ekf.htm News Japanese efforts to develop artificial intelligence the use of computers to draw inferences and make judgments -- is gaining momentum as 19 major companies have recently established the Artificial Intelligence Joint Research Society and the Artificial Intelligence Center. The 8 participants companies are: Hitachi, NEC, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Sharp, Oki Electric, Mitsubishi Electronic and Matsushita Electric Industrial. Mitsubishi Electric in May 1986 became the first firm to commercialize a product developed under the 5th Generation Computer Project which aims at developing AI, software development. 12 Robots Sony says next decade the age of the robot Asimo in New York as a stockbroker http://www.honda.co.jp/ASIMO/event/report_08.html Robots--working for Japan's future? That is one goal of the Japanese government's $37.7 million Humanoid Robotics Project (HRP), which aims to market within a few years robots that can operate power shovels, assist construction workers and care for the elderly. In the process, a new multibillion-dollar Japanese industry could be born. Robot competitions/exhibitions around the world K'NEX K-bot World Championships "ROBODEX2002“, Pacifico Yokohama Exhibition Hall, 1-1-1, Minatomorai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan 13 14 15 16 Autonomous Vehicle Driving from Italy to China Erico Guizzo, 9月 21, 2010 http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/robotics-software/autonomous-vehicle-driving-from-italy-to-china New Device Lets Plant Talk - Smart sensors let crops text-message growers for more water By Willie Jones / May 2009 http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/gadgets/new-device-lets-plants-talk 17 Quiz: Why and how a car can drive without a driver? Why and how a plant can ask for more water? (read the two articles and give me the answer to one of the above questions in Japanese) 18