Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS Supporting Information Processing 2-2 Introduction IT Is Now a Part of Almost Every Organization Some IT systems simply process transactions Some help managers make decisions Some support the interorganizational flow of information Some support team work 2-3 Introduction Lecture Focus Organizations and Their Structures The Nature of Information in an Organization (and Decentralized Computing) IT systems in an Organization and the Tasks They Perform 2-4 An Organization THE TRADITIONAL STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANIZATION STRATEGIC TACTICAL OPERATIONAL NONMANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT 2-5 An Organization THE TRADITIONAL STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANIZATION 1.STRATEGIC MGMT - provides overall direction and guidance. 2.TACTICAL MGMT - develops the goals and strategies outlined by strategic mgmt. 3.OPERATIONAL MGMT - manages and directs the day-to-day operations. 4.NONMANAGEMENT - those people who actually perform daily activities. 2-7 Information When Considering Information, You Need to Understand... The concept of shared information through decentralized computing The directional flow of information What information specifically describes The information-processing tasks your organization undertakes 2-8 Information SHARED INFORMATION AND DECENTRALIZED COMPUTING As late as the early 1980s, most organizations exhibited centralized computing and isolated information. That is... Large central mainframe computers that performed all tasks. Separate files of information for each application or system. So, computing power was centralized while information remained isolated. Mainframe Computer IBM Compatible Workstation Workstation Ethernet Workstation Workstation 2-9 Information SHARED INFORMATION AND DECENTRALIZED COMPUTING During the early to mid 1980s, most organizations exhibited decentralized computing and isolated information. That is... Smaller, more powerful computers that were distributed to functional business areas. These computers still maintained separate files of information for each application. So, computing power was decentralized while information remained isolated. Client/Server IBM Compatible IBM Compatible IBM Compatible Token Ring IBM Compatible IBM Compatible IBM Compatible IBM Compatible 2-10 Information SHARED INFORMATION AND DECENTRALIZED COMPUTING Sharing of information utilizing databases. Database IBM Compatible Database IBM Compatible IBM Compatible This bringing together of information is accomplished by using databases. Databases support the concept of shared information. So, computing power is now decentralized and information is shared. 2-11 Information Upward Flow of Information - current info Downward Flow of Information - directions/goals from higher ups Horizontal Flow of Information - between functional business units and work teams. See Figure 2.5 on page 46 2-12 Information WHAT INFORMATION DESCRIBES INTERNAL INFORMATION - describes specific operational aspects of the organization. EXTERNAL INFORMATION - describes the environment surrounding the organization. OBJECTIVE INFORMATION - quantifiably describes something that is known. SUBJECTIVE INFORMATION - attempts to describe something that is currently unknown. 2-13 Information INFORMATION-PROCESSING TASKS 1.Capturing information - at its point of origin. 2.Conveying information - in its most useful form. 3.Creating information - to obtain new information. 4.Cradling information - for use at a later time. 5.Communicating information - to other people or another location. 2-14 Information Ways of Creating Information 1.TRANSACTION PROCESSING - the processing of transactions that occur within an organization. – Example: computing payroll and sales tax 2.ANALYTICAL PROCESSING - creating information to support your decision-making tasks. – Example: how to allocate investment dollars 2-15 IT Systems THE SEVEN IT SYSTEMS IN AN ORGANIZATION 1.Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) 2.Customer Integrated Systems (CIS) 3.Management Information Systems (MIS) 4.Workgroup Support Systems (WSS) 5.Decision Support Systems (DSS) & Artificial Intelligence (AI) 6.Executive Information Systems (EIS) 7.Interorganizational Systems (IOS) 2-16 TPSs a system that processes transactions that occur within an organization. Capturing information Creating information Cradling information Conveying information (secondary) 2-17 TPSs TPS CHARACTERISTICS Heart of every organization. Provide the primary interface to customers. Found in all functions of an organization. If they fail, the whole organization suffers. 2-18 CISs an extension of a TPS that places technology in the hands of an organization’s customers and allows them to process their own transactions. Capturing information Creating information Cradling information Communicating information Conveying information (secondary) 2-19 CISs CIS CHARACTERISTICS Are at the very heart of every organization. Are the new primary interface to customers. Represent a further decentralization of computing power by placing that power in the hands of customers. Will forever change the relationship between organization and customer. 2-20 MISs a system that provides periodic and predetermined reports that summarize information within a database. Creating information Conveying information 2-21 MISs MIS CHARACTERISTICS Alert people to the existence of problems or opportunities. Report Types: – PERIODIC - produced at a predetermined time interval. – SUMMARIZED - aggregate information in some way. – EXCEPTION - show only a subset of available information. – COMPARATIVE - show two or more sets of similar information. 2-22 WSSs a system that is designed specifically to improve the performance of teams by supporting the sharing and flow of information. Communicating information 2-23 WSSs WSS CHARACTERISTICS Supports the sharing, dissemination, and flow of information. Supports both: – Project teams - that solve a specific problem or take advantage of a specific opportunity and then disband to move on to other projects. – Permanent teams - people from all departments that perform a flow of work consistently. Contains groupware. 2-24 WSSs GROUPWARE the popular term for the software that supports the collaborative efforts of a team. Groupware Supports Three Functions: (See Figure 2.11 page 58) 1. Team Dynamics 2. Document Management 3. Applications Development 2-25 WSSs GROUPWARE SUPPORT FOR TEAM DYNAMICS Email ELECTRONIC MEETING SUPPORT shared scheduling, NetMeeting 2-26 WSSs ELECTRONIC MEETING SUPPORT SOFTWARE GROUP SCHEDULING - shared schedules ELECTRONIC MEETING - online virtual meeting VIDEOCONFERENCING - allows “face-to-face” Electronic WHITEBOARD 2-27 WSSs GROUPWARE SUPPORT FOR DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT GROUP DOCUMENT DATABASE – Contains documents from many teams – Supports many levels of security – Can store information in a variety of forms 2-28 WSSs GROUPWARE SUPPORT FOR APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT FACILITIES - a wealth of basic building blocks that you can use to create applications quickly, so teams can literally “get to work.” – Prewritten - commonly performed functions – Programming tools - for creating unique applications – WORK FLOW AUTOMATION SOFTWARE designed to automate the flow of business documents in a specific work process or procedure. 2-29 DSS & AI DSS - designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured. AI - the science of making machines imitate human thinking and behavior. Creating information Conveying information (secondary) 2-30 DSS & AI DSSs AND AI INCLUDE... GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) - a DSS designed specifically to work with spatial information. GENETIC ALGORITHM - an AI system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem. EXPERT SYSTEM - an AI system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. 2-31 EISs a highly interactive MIS combined with decision support systems and artificial intelligence for helping managers identify and address problems and opportunities. Creating information Conveying information 2-32 EISs EIS CHARACTERISTICS Make use of a data warehouse. Support drill down capabilities. Help identify information responsibility. Use DSS and AI tools. Provide access to a variety of information. 2-34 IOSs automates the flow of information between organizations to support the planning, design, development, production, and delivery of products and services. Communicating information 2-35 IOSs IOS CHARACTERISTICS Supports ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) - the direct computer-tocomputer transfer of transaction information contained in standard business documents. Allows many organizations to create an economies of scale in technology. Provides a way for organizations to team up and create new products and services. 2-36 TO SUMMARIZE Organizations: – Consist of various levels of management and nonmanagement employees – Have depth Shared Information Through Decentralized Computing – All an organization’s information is made available to anyone who needs it (shared information). – Computing power is spread throughout the organization (decentralized computing). 2-37 TO SUMMARIZE Information in an organization flows upward, downward, and horizontally. Information can be internal, external, objective, subjective, or some combination of the four. Information-processing tasks include capturing, conveying, creating, cradling, and communicating. Transaction processing and analytical processing are both ways to create information. 2-38 TO SUMMARIZE CAPTURE CONVEY CREATE CRADLE COMMUNICATE TPS XX XX XX CIS XX XX XX MIS XX XX WSS XX DSS&AI EIS IOS XX XX XX XX XX