Download www.mcs.uvawise.edu

CS 415 – A. I.

Not Just a Bad Movie!
What is intelligence?

Here’s my take

Intelligence is what humans are.
§


We can’t define intelligence, but I know it when I see it, and more to the point, I know
the lack of it when I don’t see it.
Some key questions:

Is intelligence learned?

What happens when learning occurs?

What is creativity? What is intuition?

Is intelligence discoverable from observable behavior?

How is knowledge represented?

What is self-awareness, and what is its link to intelligence?

Can a computer ever be human-like enough to be intelligent?
Key paradox here?

Artificial intelligence is a field whose area of study includes its own definition.
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

The human brain:

Approx. 3 lbs of coiled, neuron rich fatty tissue

Everyone’s is about the same weight and size
§
Your brain is the same size as Einstein’s (unless your sick or
something)

Still, it is billions of organs just like yours that have produced
the entirety of human knowledge and experience throughout
time.

Curiosity about one’s own faculties (i.e. the brain) predates
knowledge of the brains function
§
To our ancestors, the heart seemed like the much more likely seat of
all thought
 Is
the search for intelligence an evil?
 Duality
1. Knowledge
is good

Public Schools

Higher Education

Resumes and Better Jobs
2. Knowledge

is bad
Intelligence is scary and the pursuit of it is an evil
 Early

Prometheus
§
§


Example
Stole fire and rational thought from the gods and gave it
to man
His punishment: tied to a rock forever
The Garden of Eden
§
Adam and Eve eat from the tree of knowledge
§
Their punishment: expulsion from paradise
Might seem like a strange idea

More Modern Examples
Neither money or knowledge
is inherently evil.
Changing Views of Intelligence

Is intelligence separate from the body?

Descartes was the first to think so
§

“I think, therefor I am”
Dualism
§
Descartes suggested that the body works like a machine, that it has
the material properties of extension and motion, and that it follows
the laws of physics. The mind (or soul), on the other hand, was
described as a nonmaterial entity that lacks extension and motion,
and does not follow the laws of physics. Descartes argued that only
humans have minds, and that the mind interacts with the body at the
pineal gland.


Wikipedia Article on Descartes
We still think along these lines
§
Transferring consciousnesses, etc.
Development of Formal Logic
 In
mid-18th century, Euler laid the groundwork
for graph theory

Represent knowledge as components and
relationships

Allowed, “state space search”
§
All possible solutions can be denoted
 Babbage
designed his “difference engine” and
“analytic engine” in mid-19th century

Difference engine
§

Analytic engine
§

Special-purpose machine for solving certain polynomials
General-purpose programmable computer for solving
math equations
Invented the notion of separation of memory and
processing
New Idea: storing patterns of
algebraic equations, a form of
knowledge, in persistent form


Punch cards
Formal Logic

George Boole

Boolean Logic
§

Might sound familiar
Very simple, but sufficient and complete
§
3 Basic Operations

§
2 Possible Values



AND, OR, NOT
1 and 0
Something cannot be anymore true than true and no more false than false
Basis for first-order predicate calculus
§
Allows automated reasoning
§
See this in Chapter 2
Theorems can be built from these basics
§
Proofs are built by applying a series of theorems and basic rules
Intelligence and Modern Digital
Computers
 Alan
Turing
 Computing

Machinery and Intelligence
Can computers be made to think?
§
§
The ambiguities inherent in the question preclude any
rational answer
Instead, lets develop an empirical test that will at least let
us test for intelligence

Turing Test
Turing Test


Attempts to give an objective notion of intelligence

Humanity is the best and only known standard

Avoids debate about “true” nature of intelligence
Abstracts out unanswerable questions


What is consciousness? Is the computer conscious?
Eliminates “bias” against machines

Interrogator can’t see any evidence except text

Abstracts out specific intelligent processes
§
No spinning disks, no artificial sounding voices, etc.
Examples
 Chat
bots

How does the bot respond to emotionally charged
situations?

How does it answer philosophical questions?
 Deep

Blue vs. Garry Kasparov
1996 – Win G.K. 1997 – Win D.B.

Did Deep Blue learn?
Limitations of Turing Test
 Purely

symbolic
Doesn’t handle perceptual skills, manual dexterity,
 Wait?
Humanity is the only standard for
intelligence?

Humans built computers to be better at tasks than
we are.

Computers are different than humans
§
Maybe they have a different kind of intelligence
Next

Introduction to the hardware we will be using.