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Introduction to Zoology & Classification SCIENTIFIC WORDS / IDEAS Scientific Terminology • Hypothesis: A prediction of the outcome of an experiment • Written: If______________, then _____________, because____________. Testing Hypotheses • Observation – Something you take in with your senses • Experiment – Perform CONTROLLED experiments to test repeated observations – If continued to be accepted…………. Scientific Theory • • • • • Principle Tested many times Explains many different phenomena Makes predictions Falsifiable – people are constantly trying to prove wrong and correct “bad”’ science Theory vrs Scientific Theory • Theory (as used outside of science) – Guess – Speculation – Has not been tested Law vrs Theory • Law – Observation that has been repeated numerous times – Law of gravity – Does not explain the observation • Theory – Explains why or how something in nature happens Which is most important to a scientist? 1. 2. 3. 4. Fact Hypothesis Law Theory Theory is the most important • Theory – Explains laws, hypotheses and facts • Law – States what happens • Hypothesis – Untested theory • Fact – Observation Major Scientific Theories • Germ Theory of Disease – Germs cause infectious disease • Atomic Theory – Matter is made if tiny atoms • Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory) – Genes on chromosomes determine heredity • Cell Theory – All living things are made of cells Theory of Evolution • Populations of organisms change over time • Changes result in new species that share a common ancestor. Evolution is both a fact and a theory • Fact – Evolution is documented in the fossil record and has been observed in our lifetime. • Theory – How evolution happens Theory of Evolution • Scientists no longer ask if evolution occurs. They study how evolution occurs. • Evolution is the major theory that guides research in Zoology CLASSIFICATION REVIEW Aristotle 384 BC • Classified organisms as either plants or animals Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 • Swedish Botanist • Systema Naturae, 10ed – 1758 • Classification system • Taxonomic groups of related organisms • Binomial nomenclature – two names – Genus + species – Capitalized, Italics Taxonomic Groups Species • “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” • When they reproduce, create FERTILE offspring Ernst Mayr * * Archaea Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Cell walls with peptidogly can Cell walls without peptidoglyca n Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls of chitin Cell walls of cellulose ; chloropl asts No cell walls or chloropl asts Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicell ular; some unicellul ar Multicellular Multicellular Autotroph Heterotroph CELL STRUCT URES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITI ON EXAMPLES Eukarya Autotroph or heterotrop h Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichi a coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium , slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowerin g plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammal s Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria • • • • Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall – peptidoglycan Kingdom Archaea • • • • Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA – Similar to Eukaryotic • Cell wall – Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only Kingdom Protista • Single celled • Eukaryotic • Ingest or produce food • Kind of the “junk drawer” of classification Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall – Chitin • Absorb food Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall – Cellulose • Produce food – photosynthesis Kingdom Animalia • • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Ingest food Motile Terminology • Classification – Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship • Taxonomy – The science of naming organisms • Systematics – Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms Cladogram • Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms • Each clad (group) share something in common • Ancestral traits are the oldest • Derived traits evolved later • Nested hierarchially Cladogram for Transportation • Wheels are the most ancestral • Wings are the most derived MAKE A CLADOGRAM Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram • • • • Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait Gorilla Chimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs Synapomorphy • A derived character shared by two or more groups. – Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. – Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships Symplesiomorphy • Character shared by a number of groups • Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. – Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in determining evolutionary relationships Accepted Cladogram for Animals Birds Mammals Reptile Feathers Amphibian Fish Fur Endothermic Amniotic Egg Four Limbs Vertebrae Homologous Characters • Similarity in features of different groups because of their descent from a common ancestor Analagous Characters • Similarity in characteristics in different groups caused by factors OTHER THAN their distant common ancestry Monophyletic • A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor • The common ancestor is in the group • Example: Mammalia – Ancestor was a mammal like reptile Paraphyletic • A group of descendants of a common ancestor • Common ancestor is in the group • Not all descendants are included • Example: Reptiles – Does not include birds and mammals Polyphyletic • A group that has some similarities • Common ancestor is in not in the group • Not all descendants are included • Example: Flying vertebrates Asymmetry •No Lines of symmetry •Most protists & many sponges •Do not develop complex communication, sensory or locomotor function Radial Symmetry •Multiple lines of symmetry •Not as simple communication, sensory or locomotor function; but still not as complex Bilateral Symmetry •One line of symmetry •Usually longitudinal, dividing animals into right and left mirror images •Characteristic of active, motile, crawling or swimming animals •Usually move in one direction – so the end that faces the world is normally where complex sensory, nervous and feeding structures evolve and develop. (Cephalization)
