Download File

Preview p.106
Why do you think people go to college?
Motivation
pp. 468-480
Motivation
The need or desire that energizes and directs
behavior
Instincts and Evolutionary
Theory
Instinct: an unlearned, innate, and automatic
response to a specific stimulus
Charles Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory
Instincts are a product of Natural Selection:
Instinctual behaviors that increase reproductive
success become more frequent, others die out
Basic emotions are included among instincts
Drives and Incentives
Drive Reduction Theory (Clark Hull)
Behavior originates from the physiological need
for food, water, and air. These needs create
tension away from homeostasis.
When needs are met (homeostasis), arousal is
low; need gives rise to drives
Pleasurable Vs. Enjoyable
Comprehension Check
Explain why drive-reduction theories cannot explain
all types of motivation.
GIve an example of drive-reduction theory.
How is homeostasis involved in Drive-reduction
theory?
Optimum Arousal Theory
Arousal is the result of several heightened
physiological states
Motivation is directed at maintaining an optimum,
stable level of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Difficult or challenging tasks cause arousal to be
lower, and easy task cause arousal to be higher
Incentive Motivation
External stimuli “push” people to positive incentives
and “pull” people away from negative incentives
Ex. Overtime, Dog Treats
Humanistic Theory of Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs explains how a
person achieves his or her potential
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization: achievement of one’s potential
Esteem needs: feels of worth and accomplishment
Belongingness and love needs: supportive
friendships and intimate relationships
Safety Needs: security and stability
Physiological Needs: food and water
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs –
Average Satisfaction
85% of Physiological Needs
70% of Safety Needs
50% of Belongingness and Love Needs
40% of Self-Esteem Needs
10% of Self-Actualization Needs
Maslow
• Have you ever experienced true hunger or thirst
that displaced your concern for other, higher-level
needs?
• Do you usually feel safe, loved, confident?
• How often are you able to address what Maslow
calls your “self-actualization” Needs?
Theory?
• While on a long road trip, you suddenly feel very
hungry. You see a diner that looks pretty deserted
and creepy, but you are really hungry, so you stop
anyway. What motivational perspective would most
easily Explain this behavior, and why?
HUNGER
Keys (1950) : Subjects received just enought food
to maintain weight, and then gradually reduced the
amount over 6 months
Men were obsessed with food
Lost interest in Sex and Social Activities
The Physiology of Hunger
Hypothalamus
ventromedial- stops hunger
lateral- initiates hunger
CCK (cholescystokinin) acts as a neurotransmitter signifying short-term satiation
Leptin released in the bloodstream
Insulin is a hormone that is used to convert glucose to energy. Insulin levels
increase, Glucose levels decrease --> hunger
Body Weight
Basal Metabolic Rate regulates the expenditure of
energy used to maintain our body’s vital functions.
A person’s ideal weight, called the set point, is
maintained though increases or decreases in BMR.
Body mass Index (BMI): is the measure of a
person’s weight in proportion to their height.
Eating Disorders
Motive for abnormal thinness overwhelms normal
homeostatic pressures
Cultural Pressures + Low Self-Esteem + Stressful
Lifestyle --> Eating Disorder
The Psychology of Hunger
Memory of when we at last
Expectation of when we should eat again
Taste Preferences
Process p.106
Do you feel in touch with your body’s hunger
signals?
Do you eat when body needs food?
Or do you tend to be more externally influenced by
enticing foods even when you’re full?