Download Psychology

Thinking About Psychology
The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012
Individual Variation Domain
Motivation and Emotion
Module 26
Motivation
Module Overview
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Historical Explanations
Biological Explanations
Cognitive Explanations
Clinical Explanations
Hunger: A Closer Look
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Motivation
• A need or desire that energizes and
directs behavior toward a goal.
Module 26: Motivation
Historical Explanations
Module 26: Motivation
Historical Explanations:
Instincts
Instinct
• A complex, inherited, behavior that
is rigidly patterned throughout a
species.
• William James listed 37 instincts.
• Difficulty using instincts to both label
and explain behaviors
Module 26: Motivation
Historical Explanations:
Drives
Drives
• Aroused tension states created by
imbalances
• Prompt an organism to restore the
balance, typically reducing the drive
• Part of drive-reduction theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
• The idea that a physiological need
creates a state of tension state (a
drive) that motivates an organism to
satisfy the need.
• Eating and drinking are examples of
drive-reducing behaviors.
Drive-Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Module 26: Motivation
Biological Explanations
Module 26: Motivation
Biological Explanations:
Arousal Theories
Arousal
• Levels of alertness and responsiveness
Yerkes-Dodson Law
• The theory that a degree of
psychological arousal helps
performance, but only to a point.
• Optimum level of arousal depends on the
difficulty of the task.
• Each person has an optimum level of
stimulation they like to maintain.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Module 26: Motivation
Biological Explanations:
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
• A tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state.
• The regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry, such as blood glucose,
around a particular level
• Any change in levels, up or down,
results in being motivated to bring the
level back to normal.
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Module 26: Motivation
Cognitive Explanations
Extrinsic Motivation
• A desire to perform a behavior
because of promised rewards or
threats of punishment.
Intrinsic Motivation
• A desire to perform a
behavior for its own
sake and to be
effective.
Module 26: Motivation
Clinical Explanations
Module 26: Motivation
Clinical Explanations:
Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
• Humanistic psychologist who
proposed the hierarchy of needs, with
self-actualization as one of the
ultimate psychological needs.
Hierarchy of Needs
• Maslow’s pyramid of human needs,
beginning at the base with
physiological needs that must be
satisfied before higher-level safety
needs and then physiological needs
become active.
• Continually higher-level needs won’t
become active until lower-level needs
have been satisfied.
Self-Actualization
• According to Maslow, an ultimate
psychological need that arises after
basic physical and psychological
needs are met and self-esteem is
achieved;
• the motivation to realize our full and
unique potential.
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Module 26: Motivation
Clinical Explanations:
Achievement Motivation
Henry Murray (1893-1988)
• Neo-Freudian who first established
the concept of achievement
motivation and developed important
personality testing tools.
Achievement Motivation
• A desire for significant accomplishment;
• for the mastery of things, people, or
ideas; and
• for attaining a
high standard.
McClelland’s Studies
• Studied achievement motivation using
the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
Module 26: Motivation
Hunger: A Closer Look
Module 26: Motivation
Hunger: A Closer Look:
Physiology of Hunger
Glucose
• Form of sugar which circulates through
the body
• One feels hunger when the levels
become low.
Insulin
• Hormone which allows the body to use
glucose for energy or fat production
• As insulin levels increase, glucose levels
decrease.
Leptin
• Protein produced by bloated fat cells
• Send a message to “stop eating”
Orexin
• Hunger-triggering hormone
• Produced by the hypothalamus
• As glucose levels drop, orexin levels
increase and person
feels hungry
Hypothalamus
• Regulates
appetite
• Monitors leptin
levels
Set Point
• The point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly
set;
• when the body falls below this weight,
an increased hunger and a lowered
metabolic rate may act to restore the
lost weight.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
• The body’s resting rate at which we
burn calories for energy.
Module 26: Motivation
Hunger: A Closer Look:
Environment and Hunger
External Incentives
• Include the sight, sound, and smell of
food
Cultural Influences on Eating
• Cultural views on obesity can vary
• Culture influences the foods we like and
dislike.
Module 26: Motivation
Hunger: A Closer Look:
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
• An eating disorder in which normal-weight
people (usually in adolescent females) have
a distorted self-perception of being “fat,”
put themselves of self-starvation regimens,
and become dangerously underweight (15
percent or more below normal).
Anorexia Nervosa
• Anorexics put themselves on selfstarvation regimens
• May become dangerously underweight
(15% of more below normal)
Bulimia Nervosa
• An eating disorder characterized by
episodes of overeating –
• usually of high-calorie foods • followed by vomiting, use of laxatives,
fasting, or excessive exercise.
The End
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• Scientific Inquiry Domain
• Biopsychology Domain
• Development and Learning Domain
• Social Context Domain
• Cognition Domain
• Individual Variation Domain
• Applications of Psychological Science Domain
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Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
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