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Web-based Course วิชา ความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพในประเทศไทย (Biodiversity in Thailand) 1 สถาบันบัณฑิตวิทยาศาสตร์ และเทคโนโลยีไทย (สบวท.) Thailand Graduate Institute of Science and Technology (TGIST) www.learn.in.th [email protected] 2 สำนักงำนพัฒนำวิทยำศำสตร์ และเทคโนโลยีแห่ งชำติ National Science and Technology Development Agency 3 Prof. Dr. Warren Y. Brockelman Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand 4 Biodiversity • • • • • • • Genetics Evolution Ecology Taxonomy Environmental Sciences Molecular biology Biotechnology 5 Causes of Extinction of Species • Habitat destruction • Pollution • Over Hunting Current Rate of over Extinction ~ 1000 times the Natural Rate (Natural Rate ~1 per 1-10 million species /year) The majority of species will become extinct before we will able to study or use them 6 “Biodiversity” = all the systems of living things (DNA, genes, individuals, species, communities, and ecosystems) Saving as many species as possible The improvement of our lives and our very survival (biotechnology, genetic engineering, ecosystem function, beauty, ...) 7 Food diversity 8 Hidden products 9 Speicies diversity 10 Genes to ecosystems 11 Within species diversity • Genetic variation • Races • Subspecies (geographic variation) 12 Genetic Variation: • Each individual is genetically distinct • Measured by detecting variation in enzymes or proteins (direct products of genes) • Measured by analyzing for differences in nucleotide sequences 13 Ecosystem Variability: = the differences in structure, productivity and nutrient cycles in communities in different types of environment and climatic zones of the Earth 14 Ecosystem function is vital to all living things Nitrogen cycle Carbon cycle 15 History of Life 3.7 billion years 3.6 billion years 2.5 billion years 400 Mya 300 Mya 150 Mya 65 Mya 2 Mya The first living things aquatic cyanobacteria planktonic plants (O2) fishes land plants, insects amphibians, reptiles first birds, mammals mammal radiations primitive humans 16 17 History of the Earth (continue) 245 Mya 65 Mya The regign of dinosaurs, until their extinction caused by collision of a large asteroid with Earth But normal rate of extinction approximately 1 species per 1-10 million per year 18 Evolution over millions of years • Changes in populations through time • Speciation (branching) , due to •Separation (geographic speciation) •Reproductive isolation Species diversity 19 Species: distinct types of organisms with reproductively separate populations Each species: has distinct scientific name (Genus and species name) We are: Homo Sapiens Number of species in an areas is the most useful measure of biodiversity 20 How many species are there on Earth ? 5 to over 15 million species But only 1.5 million species have been described so far • • • • • insects = vertebrates = vascular plants = invertebrates = fungi and microorganisms 2/3 of all species 40,000 species 270,000 species ? = ? 21 Charles Darwin Era (Natural Selection): • • • • Individual Variation Inheritance from parents to offspring Population growth and competition Survival of the fittest Evolutionary Change 22 Important genetic principles •Particulate inheritance •“Genes” come in pairs •Dominance •Independent assortment 23 Quantitative inheritance 24 By 2000: Genetics, Molecular Biology • • • • • • • genes and chromosomes mutation recombination gene frequencies and selection DNA structure and replication transcription (protein formation) nucleotide sequence 25 DNA codes for proteins 26 A continuing controversy : Is evolution gradual or sudden? 27 28 Genetic analysis reveals phylogeny 29 99% of all species that ever evolued are now extinct 30 31 The study of biodiversity above the species level • Population study • Ecological communities • Interactions (Stability & Diversity of communities) - herbivores and plants - predators and prey - trees and seed dispersers - pollinators and plants - fungi and roots • Ecosystem function and diversity 32 Communities consist of many interactions Nutrients plants herbivores predator diseases decomposer dispersal migration genetic change 33 The flow of energy through a community 34 Species diversity in a community Number of species on islands affected by: • • Local extinction Colonization of immigrants 35 Causes of Extinction • Fragmented forest • Small species population sizes Species at most risk of extinction •Low rate of population increase •Poor dispersal ability •Low natural density •Hunted for their valuable parts •In vanishing habitats 36 Causes of Species loss Half the species on Earth (by next few centuries) • • • • • Tropical forest destruction Forest fragmentation Hunting Pollution Damming and Canalization of rivers 37 Why save species?: Because • Direct use to humans • Maintain ecosystems for survival of humans If we lose species •cannot be recreated •loss of potential values or uses: food chemicals genes natural beauty ecosystem stability 38 How to slow down the extinction of species • Reduction of human population increase • Conservation of natural ecosystems as “ protected areas” • Reduction of rural poverty • Special breeding programs for critical species • Reduction of pollution and disturbance of rivers • Diversification of forestry and agriculture to reduce monocultures 39 Why save biodiversity? The answer is: you tell us! Why do you want to save it? Some general reasons 40 Because it pays. Many people make a living harvesting plants and animals, and using wildlife also. While this may not apply to you, it is wrong to destroy animals and plants that others need to make their living from. Because we are part of an ecosystem that sustains us, by providing services such as clean water and air, rainfall, fertile soil, and pest control. Destroying animals and plants will ultimately harm us. We do not have a natural right to destroy anything in nature, any more than we have a right to kill other people. 41 42