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PTC2000 Hawaii: A New Vision for the 21 st Century Session T.1.4.1 Tuesday 1 February 2000 Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks Meeting the Market's Capacity Demands at Lowest Overall Cost Katsutoshi Tamura, General Manager Submarine Networks Business Division International Telecommunications Business Group Fujitsu Limited Colin Anderson, Manager Business Development Submarine Networks Sales & Marketing International Telecommunications Business Group Fujitsu Limited Tatsuo Matsumoto, Senior Director Submarine Telecommunications Engineering Division Transport Systems Group Fujitsu Limited PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Demand for international traffic continues driven by the Internet Vendors strive to meet capacity and cost demands Fortunately technology has enabled both capacity increases and cost reductions Focus of this paper is “cost” rather than “capacity” What have been the price implications of the technologies recently deployed ? What will be the likely impacts of the next generation of 'enabling technologies' on price as well as capacity ? Which technologies will be best for the future submarine networks ? Introduction File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 2 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Terminal Station Equipment Terminal Station Equipment WDM: N channels of traffic onto N wavelengths on a single fiber 40 ~ 80 km between Repeaters Up to 200 Cascaded Optical Amplifiers Span between Terminals: 500 km ~ 10,000 km (span between “optical - electrical” & “optical - electrical” conversion) WDM Evolution: 8 x 2.5 Gb/s ... 16 x 2.5 Gb/s … 16 x 10 Gb/s ... 32 x 10 Gb/s … 64 x 10 Gb/s ... 128 x 10 Gb/s ... ? 8 x 40 Gb/s ... 16 x 40 Gb/s ... ? Typical WDM Optical Submarine Network Configuration File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 3 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Erbium Doped Fiber Optical Amplifer Study mid 1960's Practical reality in laboratories mid-1980's Practical in commercial networks early 1990's Slow start perhaps, but a dramatic impact in latter part of 1990's Dense DWM Optical Devices Wavelength-Locked Lasers Tunable lasers Passive optical devices (filters, multiplexers, etc...) etc Key Enabling Technologies File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 4 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost 1995: 1 wave of 2.5 Gb/s or 5.0 Gb/s 1998: 8 waves x 2.5 Gb/s or 16 waves x 2.5 Gb/s 1999 / 2000: 32 waves x 10 Gb/s being contracted Systems with 64 waves x 10 Gb/s will be commercialised in the next two years Foreseeable future: 128 x 10 Gb/s using C-Band and L-Band N x 40 Gb/s systems will follow Currently up to 4 fiber pairs in submerged plant 6 and 8 fiber pair systems by 2002 History of WDM Optical Submarine Networks File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 5 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost N x 10 Gb/s 1,400 Gb/s N x 40 Gb/s 1,200 Gb/s 1,000 Gb/s = 1.0 Tb/s 1,000 Gb/s = 1 Tb/s 1,000 Gb/s 800 Gb/s 600 Gb/s Nomenclature: "10 x 32 x 4" means "10 Gb/s x 32 waves x 4 fiber pairs" 400 Gb/s 200 Gb/s 40x32x8 40x32x4 40x16x6 40x16x2 40x8x8 40x8x4 10x128x6 10x128x2 10x64x8 10x64x4 10x32x6 10x32x2 10x16x8 10x16x4 2.5x32x6 2.5x32x2 2.5x16x8 2.5x16x4 2.5x8x6 2.5x8x2 0 Gb/s System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs) Figure 1: Transmission Capacity per Optical Fiber (8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s) File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 6 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Figure 2: Transmission Capacity per Submarine Cable (8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 1 ~ 8 fiber pairs) 12,000 Gb/s 1,000 Gb/s = 1 Tb/s 10,000 Gb/s = 10 Tb/s 10,000 Gb/s 10,000 Gb/s = 10 Tb/s 8,000 Gb/s 6,000 Gb/s Nomenclature: "10 x 32 x 4" means "10 Gb/s x 32 waves x 4 fiber pairs" 4,000 Gb/s 2,000 Gb/s 40x32x8 40x32x4 40x16x6 40x16x2 40x8x8 40x8x4 10x128x6 10x128x2 10x64x8 10x64x4 10x32x6 10x32x2 10x16x8 10x16x4 2.5x32x6 2.5x32x2 2.5x16x8 2.5x16x4 2.5x8x6 2.5x8x2 0 Gb/s System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs) Figure 2: Transmission Capacity per Cable System (8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s) File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 7 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Period from 1989 to 1999 eg: TPC 3 = 2 x 280 Mb/s Optical Regenerator System Japan - US Cable = 16 x 10 Gb/s x 4 fiber pairs Greatest increase in capacity with introduction of WDM technology Extrapolation to Year 2010 ? For example using the 'rule-of-thumb' growth rate prediction of "2 times per year" from 1999 base ? History of Submarine Cable Capacity File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 8 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Equivalent number of Figure 3: Submarine Cable Capacity vs Time voice circuits (uncompressed) 1,200 m Prediction of 2x /yr from 1999 100,000 Gb/s = 100 Tb/s 128x10Gx6fp 120 m 10,000 Gb/s = 10 Tb/s 64x10Gx6fp 32x10Gx6fp 12 m 32x10Gx4fp 1,000 Gb/s JAPAN-US: 16x10Gx4fp = 1 Tb/s SOUTHERN CROSS: 16x2.5Gx4fp 1,200,000 100 Gb/s CHINA-US: 8x2.5Gx4fp SEA-ME-WE-3: 8x2.5Gx2fp 120,000 10 Gb/s TPC-5: 1x5Gx2fp TPC-4: 1x560Mb/s 1 Gb/s TPC-3 : 1x280Mb/s 0 Gb/s 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Figure 3: Submarine Cable Capacity verses Time, 1989 ~ 2010 ? File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 9 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Breakdown of price has been changing as capacity has increased In past, large percentage of total price was in submerged plant, and capacity was fixed from initial deployment Increasing number of waves of WDM has led to increased percentage of the total price is terminal equipment < 8 x 2.5 Gb/s: submerged 50 ~ 65 %; terminal 8 ~ 25 % 32 x 10 Gb/s: submerged 20 ~ 40 %; terminal 50 ~ 60 % (fully equipped) (major variation is with SLTE - SLTE span) Future terminal equipment approaching 70 % fully equipped? Also an increase in floor space for terminal equipment Price History of Submarine Cable Systems File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 10 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Price per unit of traffic capacity has dramatically decreased ("price-per-bit" or "price-per-STM-1" etc) One of the factors stimulating cable deployment Internet provided traffic demand (pull), and technology has reduced the cost per bit faster than market decreases in selling price per bit For example 8 x 2.5 Gb/s to 16 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 40 % decrease in cost per STM-1 due to technology 16 x 2.5 Gb/s to 16 x 10 Gb/s: ~ 65 % decrease in cost per STM-1 32 wave systems: perhaps 30 % ~ 35 % lower than 16 x 10 Gb/s ? Full information in Figure 4 (2,000 km) and Figure 5 (8,000 km) Price per Unit Capacity Comparison File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 11 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Figure 4: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km 8 ~ 32 x 2.5 Gb/s & 16 ~ 32 x 10 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs 700,000 600,000 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 6, ... 8 pairs 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 10x32x8 10x32x6 10x32x4 10x32x3 10x32x2 10x32x1 10x16x8 10x16x6 10x16x4 10x16x3 10x16x2 10x16x1 2.5x32x8 2.5x32x6 2.5x32x4 2.5x32x3 2.5x32x2 2.5x32x1 2.5x16x8 2.5x16x6 2.5x16x4 2.5x16x3 2.5x16x2 2.5x16x1 2.5x8x8 2.5x8x6 2.5x8x4 2.5x8x3 2.5x8x2 2.5x8x1 0 System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs) Figure 4: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km Submarine Link File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 12 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Figure 5: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km 8 ~ 32 x 2.5 Gb/s & 16 ~ 32 x 10 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs 700,000 600,000 2, 4, 6, 8 pairs 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 10x32x8 10x32x6 10x32x4 10x32x2 10x16x8 10x16x6 10x16x4 10x16x2 2.5x32x8 2.5x32x6 2.5x32x4 2.5x32x2 2.5x16x8 2.5x16x6 2.5x16x4 2.5x16x2 2.5x8x8 2.5x8x6 2.5x8x4 2.5x8x2 0 System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs) Figure 5: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km Submarine Link File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 13 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Optical Amplifier Bandwidth & Amplitude Response Traditionally used optical C-band (centered on 1,550 nm) L-Band becoming available (new EDFA) Bandwidth and flatness improvements Terrestrial systems announced in mid-1999: 80 x 10 Gb/s in C-Band + 90 x 10 Gb/s in L-Band (1.7 Tb/s per fiber) For submarine systems: C-Band = 26 nm, L-Band = 30 nm useable? Number of WDM Channels, Bit Rate, Channel Spacing WDM wave spacing: 1.6nm 0.8 nm 0.4 nm 0.3 nm possible ? 0.2 nm unlikely ? 0.4 nm allows > 64 waves in C-Band plus > 64 waves in L-Band Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 14 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Potential of Optical Fiber: perhaps 250 waves x 100 Gb/s = 25,000 Gb/s = 25 Tb/s ? Total ~ 200 nm: 500 ~ 1,000 waves ? Raman Fiber Amplifier RFA TDFA Tellurite-Based Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier EDTFA Thulium Doped Flouride-Based Fiber Amplifier Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier EDFA GS-EDFA 80 nm: ~ 200 waves ? 1,450nm C Band S Band S+ Band 1,490nm 1,530nm 1,550nm 1,570nm Gain-Shifted Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier L Band 1,580nm 1,610nm L+ Band 1,650nm 40 nm Optical Fiber Spectrum & Types of Optical Amplifier File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 15 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Number of WDM Channels, Bit Rate, Channel Spacing (cont) As channel numbers increase, total power must be kept constant and so power per wave decreases Repeaters need to be closer together (price and noise increase) Eventually, increasing the number of repeaters to give closer repeater spacing gives worse performance (noise increase overwhelms other gains). Limit of the technology is reached. Optical Amplifier Pumping Technologies Traditionally 1,480 nm pumping lasers (cost & reliability) 980 nm lasers now available for lower noise in pre-amplifier stages combination of 980 nm and 1,480 nm in 'forward' and 'reverse' pumping directions currently optimum Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 16 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Erbium Aluminum Doped Optical Fiber L = 10 ~ 80m, Er ~ 500 ppm = 0.05 % Long Period Fiber Grating Rear Modulator Reflector / Isolator LPG Input Output 20:1 Coupler 20:1 Coupler WDM MUX PIN PIN 980nm Pumping 1,480nm Pumping 980nm Pump Laser Diode Input Level Monitor Photo-Diode 1,480nm Pump Laser Diode 3dB Coupler Output Level Monitor Photo-Diode 3dB Coupler SV Monitor & Control Circuiit DC Input Power: 9 V 0.87 A ~ 8 W typ Forward & Reverse Pumping Using 980 nm & 1,480 nm Pumping Lasers File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 17 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Optical Amplifier Pumping & Output Power Use of two 980 nm Pump Lasers and two 1,480 nm Pump Lasers is now not only cost effective, but further benefits reliability against hardware failures of lasers Fiber non-linearities (not the amplifiers in the repeaters) now limit the maximum output power Optical Amplifier Noise Figure Current schemes have reduced noise figure of the amplifiers from 6.7 dB to around 5.5 dB resulting in increased spans between repeaters and lower overall costs Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 18 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Non-Linear Effects / Optical Fiber Effective Area Non-Zero DSF has relatively small "effective area" compared to regular "Single Mode Fiber" (SMF) Concentration of the light energy causes non-linear effects in the optical fiber Several "Large Effective Area" optical fibers now available "Large Effective Area Fiber" is itself more expensive, but used in the first half of the span it allows higher output powers (without nonlinear distortions) Hence increase repeater spacing (overall cost savings) Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 19 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Dispersion Compensation Non-Zero DSF (or Large Effective Area optical fiber) + positive dispersion fiber, to give overall average zero dispersion But only at one wavelength! Imperfect correction at other wavelengths Increasing numbers of waves of WDM mean increased band-widths, and the current dispersion compensation schemes are not perfect over large band-widths. Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 20 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Amplitude-Slope Compensation Amplitude-slope is introduced by the fiber itself as well as the amplifiers Current technologies only partially compensate Active Gain-Slope Correction New technology - remotely provisionable over the lifetime of the system. Reduce initial margins, and hence repeater cost savings Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 21 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Degraded Optical SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) 30.00 20.00 Input Signal eg: 32 x 10 Gb/s 30.00 10.00 Noise Floor 0.00 -20.00 20.00 -10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 After Transmission (Case 1) 10.00 30.00 0.00 -20.00 -10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 Before Transmission Degraded SNR 10.00 Uniform Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) Noise Floor 0.00 -20.00 Effect of Gain Slope in the Network File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 -10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 After Transmission (Case 2) Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 22 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Modulation Techniques Traditionally Non-Return-to-Zero coding (NRZ) was preferred Recently significant advances in modulation hardware devices have meant that Return-to-Zero modulation coding is simpler and more cost effective for 10 Gb/s WDM systems However other schemes (Optical Duo-Binary, etc) hold even further promise for 40 Gb/s systems (improved dispersion tolerance, etc) Forward Error Correction Redundant information to allow error correction at the far end Bit rate is increased, but improvements in SNR far outweigh this penalty Currently 4 ~ 6 dB of improvement (7 % bit rate increase) Advances in Terminal Equipment File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 23 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Forward Error Correction (cont) Next generation "Super FEC" gives 7 ~ 10 dB of improvement (equivalent to > 4 x number of WDM waves) Increased repeater spacing and significant cost savings Increased maximum spans Dispersion Compensation Reverse Dispersion Fibers (RDF or +D / -D) Improved technical performance as well as space savings at terminal stations (less DCF) Advances in Terminal Equipment File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 24 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Tunable Lasers Big savings for customer in spares Savings for manufacturer in number of different component types Eventually multiple wavelength arrays - further cost savings Floor Space Requirements Dense WDM systems require increasing terminal station space Cable station space is a real cost to the customer Re-locate SLTE to Central Station? (pros & cons) Separate Cable termination & Power Feed (at shore station) from SLTE (at intermediate site) Use optical-layer protection instead of SDH protection Advances in Terminal Equipment File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 25 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Next logical choice for transmission rate after 10 Gb/s is 40 Gb/s Many technical challenges (much more difficult than the migration 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s) Key issues include very high speed optical and electronic components severe effects of Chromatic Dispersion, Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), and Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD) in the optical fiber when transmitting 40 Gb/s To eventually be successful we know that 40 Gb/s systems will need to offer capacity increase at significantly reduced price per bit, as well as floor space savings Past historical rule: “... 4 times the capacity for 2 ~ 3 times the price ...” ? Assumed in this paper. Next Generation 40 Gb/s Systems File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 26 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost System prices modelled for spans of 2,000 km ('short-haul') and 8,000 km ('long-haul') as earlier discussed In fact N x 40 Gb/s may be limited to less than 8,000 km for some time to come ... but we assumed that the hurdles will eventually be overcome Current market prices used where items exist, and 'best estimate' prices used for future technologies Hypothetical study, but rational and hopefully useful Future Submarine Network Price Trends File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 27 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Figure 6: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km 16 ~ 128 x 10Gb/s & 8 ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs 100,000 90,000 N x 10 Gb/s 80,000 N x 40 Gb/s 70,000 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 6, ... 8 pairs 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 40x32x6 40x32x3 40x32x1 40x16x8 40x16x4 40x16x2 40x8x6 40x8x3 40x8x1 10x128x8 10x128x4 10x128x2 10x64x6 10x64x3 10x64x1 10x32x8 10x32x4 10x32x2 10x16x6 10x16x3 10x16x1 0 System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs) Figure 6: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km Submarine Link File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 28 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Figure 7: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km 16 ~ 128 x10 Gb/s & 8 ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs 100,000 90,000 N x 10 Gb/s 80,000 N x 40 Gb/s 70,000 2, 4, 6, 8 pairs 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 40x32x8 40x32x6 40x32x4 40x32x2 40x16x8 40x16x6 40x16x4 40x16x2 40x8x8 40x8x6 40x8x4 40x8x2 10x128x8 10x128x6 10x128x4 10x128x2 10x64x8 10x64x6 10x64x4 10x64x2 10x32x8 10x32x6 10x32x4 10x32x2 10x16x8 10x16x6 10x16x4 10x16x2 0 System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs) Figure 7: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km Submarine Link File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 29 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost 64 x 10 Gb/s compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s (640 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 320 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x) 128 x 10 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s (1,280 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 640 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x) Long-haul: approx 25% savings (20 ~ 30%) Short-haul: approx 23% savings (17 ~ 30 %) Long-haul: 10 ~ 15% increase in price per bit (but capacity doubled) Short-haul: approx same price per bit (but capacity doubled) 8 x 40 Gb/s compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s (320 Gb/s per fiber pair in both cases) (1x) 15 ~ 20 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul) Price-per-Bit Comparison Summary File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 30 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost 16 x 40 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s (640 Gb/s per fiber pair in both cases) (1x) ~ 25 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul) Please correct your hard-copy printout 32 x 40 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s (1,280 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 640 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x) ~ 50 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul) Price-per-Bit Comparison Summary File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 31 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost 64 x 10 Gb/s systems are economical compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s, and will continue to provide good solutions for up to 5 Tb/s per cable (64 x 10Gb/s x 8 fp) at low cost-per-bit Next step of 128 x 10 Gb/s may not be so attractive from point of view of ‘price per bit’ or floor space requirements When 40 Gb/s systems become available commercially they will compete well at 320 Gb/s per fiber and above, and will offer best solutions for 320 Gb/s to 10 Tb/s per cable (32 x 40G x 8 fp) 40 Gb/s systems can be expected to much reduce floor space requirements at terminal stations of very high capacity systems Comparison of 40 Gb/s to 10 Gb/s File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 32 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost The above analysis does not include SDH Multiplex or Network protection Equipment Combined SDH (SIE, MUX & NPE) typically represents approx 15 % of the total network price, fully equipped (& much less for initial sub-equipped configurations; perhaps 3 ~ 7 % ?) Other drivers are acting - SONET / SDH are excellent for voice networks but somewhat inefficient for data-centric and IP-centric networks: ‘IP over WDM’ vs ‘IP over SDH’ Separate the MUX / SDH SIE requirement from the NPE requirement ? Future Network Architectures & Protection Schemes File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 33 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost Full function Network Protection can be provided by new optical layer NPE equipment without the need for any protocol dependence (SDH, etc), and with lower power consumption and floor space requirements than for SDH Price is already less than for SDH NPE in some configurations Increased use of optical layer NPE in terrestrial networks will soon see further price reductions in optical switches and optical NPE's Future Network Architectures & Protection Schemes File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 34 PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost We have tried to identify the impacts of recent technology developments on both capacity, price, & price-per-bit for submarine cable networks In future there seem to be several identifiable promising new key technologies, including 40 Gb/s transmission, which will be able to be exploited to give further capacity increases and at the same time give price-per-bit decreases The era of ‘Terabit’ Submarine Cable Networks is certainly already with us - and the same kind of technology developments which made those networks feasible seem likely to be able to continue to offer the future solutions which the market-place demands, and at affordable prices Summary & Conclusions File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000 Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 35