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Optics Optics • Optics is the study of how light behaves. • Optics also includes the study of the eye itself. Light Ray • Light travels in a straight line. • A light ray is an imaginary line that represents a thin beam of light. Optical Devices • Lenses: bend light in a specific way. ▫ Converging lens (convex): bends light to a point. ▫ Diverging lens (concave): Spreads light out. • Mirrors: reflects light • Prism: can both bend and/or reflect light. Four Ways Light is Affected by Matter • The light can go through almost unchanged (transparency). (Glass, some plastic, etc.) • The light can go through but be scattered (translucency). (Tissue paper, frosted glass) • The light can bounce off (reflection). • The light can transfer its energy to the material (absorption). Specular Reflection • A ray of light that strikes a shiny surface (like a mirror) creates a single reflected ray. This type of reflection is called specular reflection. Diffuse Reflection • A surface that is not shiny creates diffuse reflection. In diffuse reflection, a single ray of light scatters into many directions Reflection • The incident ray is the light ray that strikes the mirror. • The reflected ray is the light ray that bounces off the mirror • Between the incident and reflected rays, there is an imaginary line called the normal line which is perpendicular to the surface of the mirror. • The angle between the incident ray and the normal line is called the angle of incidence. • The angle of reflection is the angle between the normal line and the reflected ray. The Law of Reflection • The law of reflection says the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction • Light rays may bend as they cross a boundary from one material to another. ▫ For example, light waves bend from air to water. • Refraction is the bending of light rays. • The index of refraction (n) for a material measures the ability of the material to bend light. • The index of refraction is represented by a lowercase letter n. • The angle of refraction is the angle between the refracted ray and the normal line. Total Internal Reflection • Total internal reflection happens when the angle of refraction becomes greater than 90 degrees • The angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction is 90 degrees is called the critical angle. ▫ The critical angle depends on the index of refraction of the material. • Fiber optics are thin glass fibers that use total internal reflection to carry light, even around bends and corners