Download TELESKOOPPI / KAUKOPUTKI

TELESCOPE
PRESENTATION BY MIKA HANHILA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND
SPECTROSCOPY
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History
General Information To Radiation Of the Light
Type of Telescopes
Refracting telescope
Reflecting telescope
Catadioptric telescope
Radio telescope
Space telescope
Telescope main components
Telescope accessories
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HISTORY
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Radiotelescope(1932)
 The first observations of radio radiation on the sky
 The american engineer Karl Jansky studied an thunderstorm caused
interference to radio communications. Operating frequecy was 20.5Mhz
and diameter of telescope was 14.6m
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Spacetelescope Hubble NASA/ESA (KSC 24.4.1990)
 The first true space telescope
MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
Optical telescope (1593 - 1608)
 Often has been claimed that the inventor of the telescope is G.G (1609)
 In general a telescope manufacturer have been held also a Dutch inventor
Hans Liberheyta (1608)
 According to studies of Nick Pelling the telescope would be invented
Roget's family from Barcelona (1593). Merchant Jaime Galvany from
south Catalonia would have sold it at auction in Holland to Janssen from
Midleburg. However, original invertor isn’t know for sure
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GENERAL INFORMATION TO RADIATION OF THE
LIGHT
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TYPE OF TELESCOPES
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 Refracting
MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
Telescope (Kepler, Galilei)
 Reflecting Telescope (Newton, Schmidt-Cassegrain,
Maksutov, Ritchey-Chrétien)
 Catadioptric
Telescope (Maksutov-, Schmidt-,
Klevtsov- Cassegrain, Ritchey-Chrétien)
 Radiotelescope
(Gregorian, Cassegrain)
 Space
Telescope (Hubble, James Webb)
 X-Ray Telescopes (Wolter-I, -II, -III)
 Gamma-Ray Telescopes
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REFRACTING TELESCOPE
The lens collects light, which folds to ocular at one end of
the tube (based on the light intensity)
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Telescope collects more light if the bigger lens or reflector
Single component lens bent the various colour of the
spectrum to different focal points (chromatic aberration)
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The lens must be manufactured from different quality of the glass
(achromatic=crown glass=two different glass quality, apochromatic =
silicon glass = three different glass quality)
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The optical resolution is better than a reflecting telescope
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Optical resolution improved with the size of the diameter of the
lens > bigger diameter = bigger optical resolution
More expensive to manufacture than reflecting telescope,
because there are several polishing surfaces.
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REFRACTING TELESCOPE
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Apochromatic:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/apochromatic.html
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Achromatic:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/achromatic.html
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Optical resolution
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/resolution.html
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Chromatic aberration
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chromatic_aberration.ht
ml
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REFLECTING TELESCOPE
Image reflects with the secondary mirror to the tube side where located
the ocular (Newton) or trough the hole of main mirror back of the tube
(schmidt)
The mirror reflects all wavelengths in the same way
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There aren’t color errors as refracting telescope
The surface of the earth mirrors are coating with aluminum and the space
mirrors are coating with gold
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Aluminium Slows down the mirror darkening
Infrared region mirrors are coated with gold in space, because the aluminum
radiates more on infrared area.
Optical resolution is worse than the refracting telescope, because the
auxiliary mirror is in front of main mirror causing diffraction
Optical resolution increases with the size of the diameter of the mirror >
higher diameter > higher resolution
Active-optics and Adaptive-optics can reduce interference
More cheaper to manufacture than refracting telescope, because there are
one polishing surface.
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REFLECTING TELESCOPE
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Aluminizing
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/aluminizing.html
MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
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Active-Optics:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/active_optics.html
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Adaptive-optics:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/adaptive_optics.ht
ml
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Diffraktio:
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/diffraction.html
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CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPE
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The aberration removes special polished auxiliary mirror and its
spherical shape
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The telescope consists of lenses and mirrors
Bottom of the tube is main mirror the opposite of repair lens
(meniskus lens) that removes image errors of the reflecting
telescope (coma ja spherical aberration)
Repair glass reflects the light to main mirror and the next
auxiliary mirror directs light trough the hole of main mirror to
ocular
Length of tube is obtained a smaller in this way and the focal
length increase. In general, the focal length is five times longer
than the length of the tube
In newest models as the Ritchey-Chretien and the KletsovCassegrain don’t have repair lens.
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CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPE
Meniskus
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Coma
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/coma_optical.htm
l
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Spherical aberration
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/spherical_aberration.ht
ml
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/F/field_curvature.html
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/distortion.html
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http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/meniscus_lens.ht
ml
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RADIO TELESCOPE
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MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
Can measure then more shorter wavelength
Observations of radio waves is used to study for interstellar
medium, Milky way, other galaxies, quasars and black holes
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The radioastrology is area of the astronomy that is
specialized detection and investigation of incoming
radiation with various wavelenght for radio telescope
 Radio telescope collect radio waves in the same way than
optical telescope collect light by optical
 Radio telescopes are parabolic
 Radio telescopes are huge, because radio waves are much
more longer than wavelenght of light
 The small radiotelescopes are combine together for
interferometria. It’s collect signals together.
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RADIO TELESCOPE
Radio Telescope
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/radiotel.html
Radio Interferometer
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/radio_interferometer.ht
ml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_interferometer
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Antenna
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/antenna.html
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Square Kilometer Array
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array
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SPACE TELESCOPE HUBBLE
Hubble is outside the atmosphere
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Benefits of observatory located in space
Optical resolution limits is only diffraktion
 Interference of atmosphere don’t damage space telescopes
 the opportunity to make observations the area of infrared and
ultraviolet wavelengths. The atmosphere absorbs these very
effectively
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It’s possible to take high resolution photos from most distant objects
It makes possible to see more darker objects and much more
specifically than earthly observatories
One of the main research apparatus in astronomy
The images have helped astronomers to understand many of the key
problems in astronomy
Hubble orbits aproximately 600km above the earth’s surface
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SPACE TELESCOPE HUBBLE
Hubble
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Larange points
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangen_piste
MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/HST.html
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TELESCOPIC MAIN COMPONENTS
MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
Objektive:
 In earthly telescopes are bigger objektive than space telescopes,
because earth is more light to use
 Objektive collects as much as possible to light to focal point in
light axis.
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TELESCOPIC MAIN COMPONENTS
MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
Ocular:
 The light collects to the ocular a single one way bunch
 The Objects formed and it obtains sharp to the eye and valid to
watch
 The quality of Ocular affect construction, lens quality, magnification
and field of view
 The magnification of ocular
 Change the new size ocular in according to object distance
 Ocular sets in focuser and it adjusts the ratio of focal between
ocular and object
 The role of several lenses in ocular
 Correct the color errors.
 Gets a large field of view until the edges
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TELESCOPIC ACCESSORIES
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Frame of telescope:
 Ocular level, direct the optical axis toward the object and prevent
vibrations
 Altazimuth mounting (horisontal and vertical)
 Earthly telescopes
 Equatorial mounting (horisontal star drive)
 Astronomical telescopes
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The viewfinder of stars:
 Direct the telescope towards the objects
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CCD-cell:
 Convert light- and infrared-radiation to digital type
MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
Focuser:
 In some models is moved lens or objective along optical axis to
achieve sharp focus
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TELESCOPIC ACCESSORIES AND FUNCTIONS
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Different filters:
 The solar filter:
 Protects the retina from solar radiation
 To make a mylar-film, which dims sunlight and the watching of sun
is safely
 The moon filter:
 To prevent the bright light during the full moon
 The light pollution filter:
 Especially for light pollution of towns
 To improve the background sky and contrast of object by filtering the
narrow wavelength of sodium lamps
 H-alfa- and O(III)-filters:
 In some applications are filtered very narrow band of wavelengths
MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY
Barlow-tube:
 In general double or triple the magnifigation by lengthening focal
lenght in the telescope
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REFRACTING TELESCOPE (KEPLER)
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REFLEGTING TELESCOPE (NEWTON)
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SCHMIDT-CASSEGRAIN TELESCOPE
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RADIO TELESCOPE
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RADIO TELESCOPE ALMA
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http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/Maapallon+tarkin+silm%C3%A4+
katsoo+Chilest%C3%A4+avaruuden+perukoille/a130554643
9164
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RADIO TELESCOPE HACLA (JAPAN 1997)
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RADIO TELESCOPE RADIOASTRON (RUSSIA
2009)
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PHOTO OF HUBBLE
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HUBBLE CARINA NEBULA
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SPETROSCOPY
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REFERENCES
[http://www.historytoday.com/nick-pelling/who-invented-telescope]
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New Tools for Cosmotology
[http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/tools/tools-new.htm]
Telescope
[http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Telescope]
Radiotelescope
[http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioteleskooppi]
Hubble
[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/HST.html]
Hubble Space Telescope Photos - Carina Nebula [ReviewSTL]
Mika Hanhila OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY
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Kaukoputki
[http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukoputki]
Who Invented the Telescope
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