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TELESCOPE PRESENTATION BY MIKA HANHILA TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY 2. History General Information To Radiation Of the Light Type of Telescopes Refracting telescope Reflecting telescope Catadioptric telescope Radio telescope Space telescope Telescope main components Telescope accessories 24.5.2017 1. 2 HISTORY Radiotelescope(1932) The first observations of radio radiation on the sky The american engineer Karl Jansky studied an thunderstorm caused interference to radio communications. Operating frequecy was 20.5Mhz and diameter of telescope was 14.6m Spacetelescope Hubble NASA/ESA (KSC 24.4.1990) The first true space telescope MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Optical telescope (1593 - 1608) Often has been claimed that the inventor of the telescope is G.G (1609) In general a telescope manufacturer have been held also a Dutch inventor Hans Liberheyta (1608) According to studies of Nick Pelling the telescope would be invented Roget's family from Barcelona (1593). Merchant Jaime Galvany from south Catalonia would have sold it at auction in Holland to Janssen from Midleburg. However, original invertor isn’t know for sure 24.5.2017 3 GENERAL INFORMATION TO RADIATION OF THE LIGHT 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 4 TYPE OF TELESCOPES 24.5.2017 Refracting MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Telescope (Kepler, Galilei) Reflecting Telescope (Newton, Schmidt-Cassegrain, Maksutov, Ritchey-Chrétien) Catadioptric Telescope (Maksutov-, Schmidt-, Klevtsov- Cassegrain, Ritchey-Chrétien) Radiotelescope (Gregorian, Cassegrain) Space Telescope (Hubble, James Webb) X-Ray Telescopes (Wolter-I, -II, -III) Gamma-Ray Telescopes 5 REFRACTING TELESCOPE The lens collects light, which folds to ocular at one end of the tube (based on the light intensity) MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 24.5.2017 Telescope collects more light if the bigger lens or reflector Single component lens bent the various colour of the spectrum to different focal points (chromatic aberration) The lens must be manufactured from different quality of the glass (achromatic=crown glass=two different glass quality, apochromatic = silicon glass = three different glass quality) The optical resolution is better than a reflecting telescope Optical resolution improved with the size of the diameter of the lens > bigger diameter = bigger optical resolution More expensive to manufacture than reflecting telescope, because there are several polishing surfaces. 6 REFRACTING TELESCOPE 24.5.2017 Apochromatic: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/apochromatic.html MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Achromatic: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/achromatic.html Optical resolution http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/resolution.html Chromatic aberration http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chromatic_aberration.ht ml 7 REFLECTING TELESCOPE Image reflects with the secondary mirror to the tube side where located the ocular (Newton) or trough the hole of main mirror back of the tube (schmidt) The mirror reflects all wavelengths in the same way There aren’t color errors as refracting telescope The surface of the earth mirrors are coating with aluminum and the space mirrors are coating with gold MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 24.5.2017 Aluminium Slows down the mirror darkening Infrared region mirrors are coated with gold in space, because the aluminum radiates more on infrared area. Optical resolution is worse than the refracting telescope, because the auxiliary mirror is in front of main mirror causing diffraction Optical resolution increases with the size of the diameter of the mirror > higher diameter > higher resolution Active-optics and Adaptive-optics can reduce interference More cheaper to manufacture than refracting telescope, because there are one polishing surface. 8 REFLECTING TELESCOPE 24.5.2017 Aluminizing http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/aluminizing.html MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Active-Optics: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/active_optics.html Adaptive-optics: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/adaptive_optics.ht ml Diffraktio: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/diffraction.html 9 CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPE The aberration removes special polished auxiliary mirror and its spherical shape MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY The telescope consists of lenses and mirrors Bottom of the tube is main mirror the opposite of repair lens (meniskus lens) that removes image errors of the reflecting telescope (coma ja spherical aberration) Repair glass reflects the light to main mirror and the next auxiliary mirror directs light trough the hole of main mirror to ocular Length of tube is obtained a smaller in this way and the focal length increase. In general, the focal length is five times longer than the length of the tube In newest models as the Ritchey-Chretien and the KletsovCassegrain don’t have repair lens. 24.5.2017 10 CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPE Meniskus Coma http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/coma_optical.htm l Spherical aberration http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/spherical_aberration.ht ml http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/F/field_curvature.html http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/distortion.html MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/meniscus_lens.ht ml 24.5.2017 11 RADIO TELESCOPE MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Can measure then more shorter wavelength Observations of radio waves is used to study for interstellar medium, Milky way, other galaxies, quasars and black holes 24.5.2017 The radioastrology is area of the astronomy that is specialized detection and investigation of incoming radiation with various wavelenght for radio telescope Radio telescope collect radio waves in the same way than optical telescope collect light by optical Radio telescopes are parabolic Radio telescopes are huge, because radio waves are much more longer than wavelenght of light The small radiotelescopes are combine together for interferometria. It’s collect signals together. 12 RADIO TELESCOPE Radio Telescope http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/radiotel.html Radio Interferometer http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/radio_interferometer.ht ml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_interferometer Antenna http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/antenna.html Square Kilometer Array http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 24.5.2017 13 SPACE TELESCOPE HUBBLE Hubble is outside the atmosphere Benefits of observatory located in space Optical resolution limits is only diffraktion Interference of atmosphere don’t damage space telescopes the opportunity to make observations the area of infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths. The atmosphere absorbs these very effectively MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY It’s possible to take high resolution photos from most distant objects It makes possible to see more darker objects and much more specifically than earthly observatories One of the main research apparatus in astronomy The images have helped astronomers to understand many of the key problems in astronomy Hubble orbits aproximately 600km above the earth’s surface 24.5.2017 14 SPACE TELESCOPE HUBBLE Hubble Larange points http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangen_piste MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/HST.html 24.5.2017 15 TELESCOPIC MAIN COMPONENTS MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Objektive: In earthly telescopes are bigger objektive than space telescopes, because earth is more light to use Objektive collects as much as possible to light to focal point in light axis. 24.5.2017 16 TELESCOPIC MAIN COMPONENTS MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Ocular: The light collects to the ocular a single one way bunch The Objects formed and it obtains sharp to the eye and valid to watch The quality of Ocular affect construction, lens quality, magnification and field of view The magnification of ocular Change the new size ocular in according to object distance Ocular sets in focuser and it adjusts the ratio of focal between ocular and object The role of several lenses in ocular Correct the color errors. Gets a large field of view until the edges 24.5.2017 17 TELESCOPIC ACCESSORIES Frame of telescope: Ocular level, direct the optical axis toward the object and prevent vibrations Altazimuth mounting (horisontal and vertical) Earthly telescopes Equatorial mounting (horisontal star drive) Astronomical telescopes The viewfinder of stars: Direct the telescope towards the objects CCD-cell: Convert light- and infrared-radiation to digital type MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Focuser: In some models is moved lens or objective along optical axis to achieve sharp focus 24.5.2017 18 TELESCOPIC ACCESSORIES AND FUNCTIONS Different filters: The solar filter: Protects the retina from solar radiation To make a mylar-film, which dims sunlight and the watching of sun is safely The moon filter: To prevent the bright light during the full moon The light pollution filter: Especially for light pollution of towns To improve the background sky and contrast of object by filtering the narrow wavelength of sodium lamps H-alfa- and O(III)-filters: In some applications are filtered very narrow band of wavelengths MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY Barlow-tube: In general double or triple the magnifigation by lengthening focal lenght in the telescope 24.5.2017 19 REFRACTING TELESCOPE (KEPLER) 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 20 REFLEGTING TELESCOPE (NEWTON) 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 21 SCHMIDT-CASSEGRAIN TELESCOPE 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 22 RADIO TELESCOPE 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 23 RADIO TELESCOPE ALMA 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/Maapallon+tarkin+silm%C3%A4+ katsoo+Chilest%C3%A4+avaruuden+perukoille/a130554643 9164 24 RADIO TELESCOPE HACLA (JAPAN 1997) 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 25 RADIO TELESCOPE RADIOASTRON (RUSSIA 2009) 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 26 PHOTO OF HUBBLE 24.5.2017 MIKA HANHILA OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 27 HUBBLE CARINA NEBULA 24.5.2017 Mika Hanhila OPTICS AND SPETROSCOPY 28 REFERENCES [http://www.historytoday.com/nick-pelling/who-invented-telescope] 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. New Tools for Cosmotology [http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/tools/tools-new.htm] Telescope [http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Telescope] Radiotelescope [http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioteleskooppi] Hubble [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/HST.html] Hubble Space Telescope Photos - Carina Nebula [ReviewSTL] Mika Hanhila OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY 2. Kaukoputki [http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukoputki] Who Invented the Telescope 24.5.2017 1. 29