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Introduction to Psychology 2e
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Which statement is most true in terms of research?
a) It is circle of cause and effect phenomena
b) It has either a quantitative or qualitative research question
c) It is a process involving a series of stages
d) It always begins with planning one’s research methodology
1.
c
2.
d
Which of the following does NOT generally a trigger a research question?
a) The desire to test a particular theoretical proposition
b) The need to solve a pressing social problem
c) Curiosity about a specific situation
d) The acquisition of a research grant
3.
b
Which of the following would NOT be a good hypothesis for a piece of
empirical research?
a) Aspirin is an effective pain-killer for headaches
b) Euthanasia is morally wrong
c) Animals can learn superstitious behaviour patterns
d) There is a direct relationship between conformity and peer-pressure
4.
b
What is NOT one of the qualities of a good hypothesis?
a) It is unambiguously stated
b) It employs circular reasoning
c) It is testable
d) It predicts a relationship between variables
5.
a
Which of the following IS a desirable quality in a hypothesis?
a) It is clearly stated
b) It does not jump to conclusions
c) It employs circular reasoning
d) It is not a hypothetical statement
6.
c
Which statement gives the best description of a hypothesis?
a) It is a statement defining the variables to be studied in a piece of
research
b) It is a hypothetical statement about metaphysical questions
c) It is a research question rephrased as a statement
d) It is a relationship between two or more variables
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What is the term used to describe the specification and definition of
variables used in a research project?
a) Analysis
b) Implementation
c) Operationalisation
d) Hypothesising
7.
c
8.
c
One of the variables in my research project is “the number of clips made
each day” this is an example of _____________
a) A continuous variable
b) An intervening variable
c) A discrete variable
d) A categorical variable
9.
a
A variable that yielded the score “Behaviour therapy” is probably?
a) A categorical variable
b) A continuous variable
c) A discrete variable
d) An intervening variable
10.
b
Which of the following types of variables is NOT generally studied directly
during a piece of research?
a) Independent variables
b) Intervening variables
c) Dependent variables
d) None of the above
11.
d
The set of real numbers is associated with what type of variable?
a) Categorical variables
b) Numerical variables
c) Discrete variables
d) Continuous variables
12.
b
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I am conducting a research project about the effects of body-image
perception on the development of an eating disorder. The variable “bodyimage perception” is ________________ and the variable “development of
an eating disorder” is _________________
a) the dependent variable; the independent variable
b) the independent variable; the dependent variable
c) a continuous variable; a discrete variable
d) a discrete variable; a continuous variable
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Which of the following methodological techniques would you most closely
associate with quantitative methods?
a) Discourse analysis
b) In-depth interviewing
c) Likert-scale questionnaires
d) Narrative analysis
13.
c
14.
a
Which of the following would you NOT associate with quantitative
methodology?
a) In-depth interviewing
b) Observation
c) Psychometric scales
d) Statistical analysis
15.
c
Which of the following are NOT features of a qualitative methodological
approach?
a) Linguistic data and a phenomenological frame of reference
b) Reflexivity and open modes of enquiry
c) Emergent modes of enquiry and objective logic
d) The illumination of meaning and researcher-participant reciprocity
16.
d
Which of the following ARE features of a quantitative approach?
a) Numerical data and reflexivity
b) Emphasis on discovering meaning and phenomenological frame of
reference
c) Linguistic data and systematically logical modes of enquiry
d) Objectivity and statistical analysis
17.
d
The use of quantitative and qualitative methods is best known as?
a) Collaboration
b) Synchronic articulation
c) Diachronic articulation
d) Triangulation
18.
b
Research is undertaken in order to draw conclusions about the
____________ . This is done by studying ___________ which are
____________ of the larger group.
a) sample; variables; indicative
b) population; samples; representative
c) population; variables; samples
d) sample; populations; randomly made up
19.
d
What is NOT a good feature of a sample?
a) It is unbiased
b) It is randomly selected
c) It is proportionally comparable to a larger group
d) It is unrepresentative
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Random sampling is the process of selecting participants in such a way that
a) Every member of the sample is selected randomly from various
populations
b) Members of the sample are randomly discarded from the experiment
c) Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
d) The selection of one member of the population influences the chances of
any other member of the population being selected
20.
c
21.
d
Which of the following is NOT one of the ethical principles laid down by the
American Psychological Association?
a) The researcher must assume full responsibility for their work
b) The researcher must obtain the participants’ informed consent
c) The researcher must allow participants to discontinue their involvement
if they so desire to.
d) The researcher must agree that there will be no deception involved in
their research methods
22.
b
While conducting research on drug-use I discover that one of the
participants has a serious drug addiction problem. According to APA
guidelines it is my ethical duty, to?
a) Offer counselling to the participant, making sure that they receive the
therapy that they require
b) Keep the matter confidential and not use the information in a manner
that the participant would not desire
c) Inform a close friend or relative of the participant about the situation so
that he/she can receive the social support that they require.
d) Alert a medical official at a drug rehabilitation clinic so that they can
persuade the participant to undergo detoxification and rehabilitation.
23.
a
Which of the following IS one of the ethical principles laid down by the
American Psychological Association?
a) The researcher must always protect the rights of human participants
b) When conducting cross-cultural experiments the researcher must always
fully inform the participants of the research in their language of choice.
c) Psychological experiments may not be conducted on animals since they
do not have the ability to give consent.
d) All of the above
24.
d
Which of the following IS one of the ethical principles laid down by the
American Psychological Association?
a) The researcher must assume full responsibility for their work
b) The researcher must always protect the rights of human participants
c) Information obtained about a research participant must be kept
confidential unless otherwise agreed upon
d) All of the above
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A statistic used to summarise data is known as a(n)__________ statistic
whereas a statistic used to draw conclusions is known as a(n)___________
statistic
a) frequency; descriptive
b) descriptive; inferential
c) frequency; conclusive
d) inferential; conclusive
25.
b
26.
c
A statistic used to summarise data is best known as a(n)__________
statistic
a) basic
b) frequency
c) descriptive.
d) inferential
27.
a
Which of the following would NOT regarded as descriptive statistics?
a) Analysis of variance
b) Frequency tables
c) Histograms
d) Measures of central tendency
28.
c
Which of the following provides the best description of a frequency table?
a) A descriptive table displaying frequency variables
b) A table where variables are grouped together into frequently occurring
categories
c) A summary of the number of times a category or score of the variable
occurs
d) A set of grouped or ungrouped scores that always shows a symmetrical
distribution
29.
d
Which of the following variables would be likely to occur in an ungrouped
frequency distribution?
a) Home language
b) Gender
c) Nationality
d) All of the above
30.
a
Which of the following variables would be most likely to occur in a grouped
frequency distribution?
a) Height
b) Eye colour
c) School attended
d) Gender
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What will be the interval size of a grouped distribution if the number of
classes is 5, the highest score in the set is 50 and the lowest score in the set
is 30?
a) 4
b) 6
c) 10
d) 20
31.
a
32.
d
If I have 4 classes of a grouped variable and the interval size is 12 then
what is the range of my data set?
a) 3
b) 6
c) 16
d) 48
33.
c
In a grouped frequency distribution the interval size of my classes is 20 and
the number of classes that I use is 10. If the highest score in the data set is
300 then what is the lowest score in the data set?
a) 0
b) 10
c) 100
d) 200
34
d
35
c
A comparative distribution of two variables is known as?
a) A binomial distribution
b) A bifurcated distribution
c) A bivariate distribution
d) A bimodal distribution
36
c
If I represent the variables “Gender” and “Monthly Income” in the classes “
less than R3000”, “R3001-R8000” and “greater than R8000” together on a
frequency table, how many cells will that table contain?
a) 1
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
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If the highest score in a data set is 80 and the lowest score in the set is 20
and the range is 60 how many classes should the variable contain?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 1200
d) It is impossible to calculate
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37
b
Consider the following frequency table generated from a study on smoking
behaviour:
Behaviour x Gender
Smoker
Non-smoker
Male
22
38
Female
15
25
What percentage of the sample are smokers?
a)
b)
c)
d)
38
d
26%
37%
40%
It is impossible to calculate
Consider the following frequency table generated from a study on smoking
behaviour:
Behaviour x Gender
Smoker
Non-smoker
Male
20
40
Female
10
30
What is the row percentage for male smokers?
a)
b)
c)
d)
39
a
33%
50%
60%
67%
Consider the following frequency table generated from a study on smoking
behaviour:
Behaviour x Gender
Smoker
Non-smoker
Male
20
40
Female
10
30
What is the column percentage for male smokers?
a) 33%
b) 50%
c) 66%
d) 20%
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40
c
41
c
What is the best description of a stem-and–leaf display?
a) A graph in which data are depicted in tens and units
b) A display in which the frequency scores of a variable are depicted in
tens and units
c) A table in which data are sorted into leading digits and trailing digits
d) A display of data where stems are depicted by tens and leaves are
depicted by units
Consider the following bar charts
Graph A
Graph B
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Male
Female
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Male
Female
Which of the following statements IS true regarding these graphs?
a) Graph A has more “males” than Graph B
b) Graph A has more “females” than Graph B
c) Graph A and Graph B both depict the same data set
d) All of the above
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c
Consider the following graph showing the number of male and female
smokers in a representative sample of all smokers in the country.
Number of smokers
42
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Male
Female
What conclusions can one draw from this graph?
a) On average, males smoke 40 more cigarettes a day than females
b) Females make up 20% of all smokers in the country
c) A smoker in this country is 3 times more likely to be a male than a
female
d) There are 4 times as many male smokers in this country then there
are female smokers
43
c
A negatively skewed distribution has
a) Most of its scores on the lower end
b) Most of its scores on the negative end
c) Most of its scores on the higher end
d) Most of its score clustered around the middle
44
b
When looking at the graph of a distribution the modality of the graph
describes what?
a) The relative symmetry of the graph
b) The number of peaks it has
c) The type of graph that is formed
d) None of the above
45
a
A distribution that is appears relatively flat in comparison to a normal
distribution is known as?
a) Platykurtic
b) Leptokurtic
c) Mesokurtic
d) Kurrokurtic
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Which of the following is NOT a numerical summary measure?
a) Mode
b) Mean
c) Variance
d) None of the above
46
d
47
d
What is the mode in the following data set?
1, 3, 3, 3, 9, 10, 10, 10, 16
a) 3
b) 9
c) 10
d) Both 3 and 10
48
b
Given that the most frequent score for a particular variable fell in the range
12-18. What is the mode of that variable?
a) 12-18
b) 15
c) 16
d) 12 and 18
49
c
Consider the following data set
Stem
1
2
3
Leaf
1, 1, 1, 5, 7
2, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9
4, 6, 6, 8, 8
What is the median of this data set?
a) 2
b) 13
c) 25
d) 36
50
d
Given that the median from a data set containing 40 numbers falls in the
category 20-25. What is the median of that data set?
a) 20
b) 22.5
c) 20 and 25
d) It is impossible to calculate
51
c
If I were to add up all the numbers of a data set and divide them by the
number of scores that I had added I would have calculated what?
a) The mode
b) The measure of central tendency
c) The mean
d) The median
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52
b
53
c
Consider the following data set:
1, 1, 2, 7, 9, 10
What is the median and mean of that data set?
a) Median = 5, Mean = 5
b) Median = 4.5, Mean = 5
c) Median = 7, Mean = 1
d) Median = 2, Mean = 1
Consider the following data set laid out in a frequency table
Score
9
5
Frequency
5
5
What is the mean of this data set?
a) 5
b) 6
c) 7
d) 9
54
c
If the mean is 25, the mode is 15 and the median is 18, we should expect
our frequency distribution to be?
a) Normally distributed
b) Negatively skewed
c) Positively skewed
d) Symmetrically skewed
55
a
Which of the following is NOT a measure of variability?
a) Spread
b) Range
c) Variance
d) Standard deviation
56
c
Consider the following data set:
5, 7, 9
What is the sum of squares for this data set?
a) 4
b) 7
c) 8
d) 155
57
d
What is meant by the term “variance”?
a) The sum of squares divided by the number of observations
b) The square root of the sum of squares
c) The square root of the standard deviation
d) The sum of squares divided by one less than the number of
observations
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What is meant by the term “standard deviation”?
a) The average deviation of each score from the mean
b) The square root of the sum of squares
c) The variance squared
d) The unit of variance when compared with the sum of squares
58
c
59
c
What is the variance of the following data set?
2, 5, 5, 8
a) 4.5
b) 5
c) 6
d) 18
60
a
Given that the sum of squares for a data set containing 10 numbers is 36,
what is the standard deviation of that data set?
a) 2
b) 3.6
c) 6
d) 16
61
c
Given that the standard deviation for a data set containing 11 numbers is
3, what is the sum of squares of that data set?
a) 9
b) 33
c) 90
d) 99
62
b
Applied research is also known as?
a) Knowledge-oriented research
b) Problem-oriented research
c) Practically-oriented research
d) Theory-oriented research
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