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Transcript
Not-For-Profit Public Foundation Nature of Light Light is a form of energy. Energy can be transported by waves. Use waves as a tool to understand light. WAVE PARAMETERS • Wavelength (l) is the length from crest to crest or trough to trough. • Frequency (f) is the number of waves passing a point per second. • Higher Frequency Shorter Wavelength • Lower Frequency Longer Wavelength • Speed of a wave (v) = Wavelength x Frequency Light as a WAVE As a wave, Light can be described as having a Frequency Wavelength Speed Wave Speed = Wavelength x Frequency What does a light wave look like? To answer this, must first know how light is produced. • Start with an electron has an electric field (example is static cling; or battery) • Also a moving electron produces a magnetic field. • Accelerate an electron and both electric and magnetic fields are produced called an electromagnetic wave The Nature of Light Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels at the speed of light The speed of light is related to the wave’s frequency and wavelength c = lf = 300,000 km/sec (or 186,000 mi/sec) As a wave, light may have any wavelength (and frequency), but its speed remains constant. An electromagnetic wave with a long wavelength has a low frequency and one with a short wavelength has a high frequency. Visible light is an electromagnetic wave that has wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers! (That is, 300 billionths to 700 billionths of a meter!) • When you have your teeth x-rayed, the dentist is shining an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength more than 1,000 times shorter than visible light • When you listen to the radio, your radio is picking up electromagnetic waves almost a million times longer than visible light, or about 0.1 meters. The range wavelengths (or frequencies) of electromagnetic waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The Spectrometer Why does each element have its own fingerprint? Interaction between light and atoms… What are atoms? Elementary Particles: Mass and Charge Particle Mass Charge Proton 1.67 x 10-27 Kg +1.6 x 1019 Coulomb Neutron 1.67 x 10-27 Kg Neutral Electron 9.11 x 10-31 Kg -1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb Build a Model of the Hydrogen Atom Electron Proton Electron Bohr Model of the Atom and Energy Levels 1. Electrons Orbit a of Proton Bohr Model the Hydrogen Atom 2. Electrons exist only in discrete orbits and nowhere in between 3. When electrons absorb a photon of the correct energy, the electron jumps to a higher energy level 4. When the electron falls to a lower energy level, a photon of only one certain energy is emitted The emitted photons have a discrete energy, frequency or wavelength that we observe in the spectrum Sir William Herschel More to Light than Meets the eye Discovery of Infra-red (1800) (Also discovered Uranus in 1787) Herschel Experiment oC 13.4 Herschel Exp 14.6 o C IR MOVIE Spectra Continuous Spectrum Thermal Radiation • (black body radiation) • Atomic collisions result excitation of atoms and in emission of energy at multiple frequencies. Emission Spectrum Excitation of electrons • High energy level Return to ground state produces emission of energy • Energy produced proportional to drop Atomic and Molecular Mechanisms Interpretation of Spectra Atomic and Molecular Mechanisms Jupiter Infrared Visible Radio Formation of 21cm Radio waves (1420 MHz) Visible Radio at 21 cm Milky Way Galaxy as Seen in Different Parts of the Spectrum Multi-spectral Astronomy w w w . p a r i . e d u Infrared Movie…