Download Dr. Sethi RGPV Green Power IEI Bhopal

“Sustainable Power Development
through Green Power
Technologies”
Presented By:
The Major Contradictory Challenges
Faced by Developing world
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Quest for increased Generation
capacity - Terawatt Challenge
Climate Change
- rising GHG level
Continued focus on coal
generation
based
Government of India’s National Missions
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National Solar Mission 2009
National Renewable Energy Mission
“A target of 10% of Renewable Energy by 2012”
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National Mission on Combating Climate Change
through Green & Clean Power
National Bio-diesel Mission
National Mission of Hydro Potential Exploitation
National Mission on ‘Clean Coal Technologies’ for
Mega Power Generation
CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY INCREASED GHG EMISSION
•
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Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390
ppm and consequent climate change, floods and
draughts has affected 260 million people between
2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these,
98% were in developing nations.
Developed countries with population of 15% of
world population have the share of CO2 emissions at
50%.
CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of
330 ppm.
There is so much
momentum in the system that
we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the
century.
Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause
displacement of over 330 million people in
developing world.
•
•
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China and India are projected to account
for 30% of the world’s
increase in
energy consumption between 2000-2020
and 92% of increase in coal use.
World Green House inventory is over
29,000
Million
tones
per
annum
(MTPA) with US over 20% (India with
total emission of about 1400 MTPA is
only at 4.8 %.)
Coal is going to remain main stay for
power generation in at least next Three
decades for India (87,093 MW Coal
based generation out of 1,63,669 MW
total power installed capacity)
Green House inventory for India for
Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2)
Energy Sector
CO2
CO2 equivalent
Total Emission
834
(58% of total)
928
(64% of total)
(CO2+CH4+NOX)
Source: IAE: 1999
Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy
& Environment

A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India
To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy
they need by 2012, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil
equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by
2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for
limiting GHG emission levels

By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in
Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal
Power:
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Thermal
Renewable & Hydro
Nuclear
Total
326,000MW
104,000 MW
20,000 MW
450,000 MW
Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options
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World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US about 3TW, India - 0.16 TW) today to support 10
billion world population. This is Equivalent to230
million barrels of oil /day.
By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The
world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy
to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century.
Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that
solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt
challenge and at the same time contribute to the
reduction of climate change, with about 125,000
TW of global incident sunlight.
The National Solar Mission
The National Solar Mission is a major
initiative of the Government of India
and State Government to promote
ecologically sustainable growth while
addressing India’s energy security
challenge.
It will also constitute a major
contribution by India to the Global
efforts to meet the challenges of
Climate Change
INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT
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Total Installed Capacity … 1,63,669 MW
Thermal Generation
… over 64 %
Although no GHG reduction targets for India
but taken steps through adoption of
Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined
cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant
Performance optimization
Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of
GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable
development as per Framework Convention on
Climate change (FCCC)
FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
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GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT,
POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
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AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR
Mission Energy Security and Energy independence
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Climate Change – Nature’s Fury
Solar for irrigation
High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells
Hydrogen as Fuel for future
Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear
Reactor
Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC
Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport
Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence
by2030
….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005
“We conclude that CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is the critical enabling technology that would reduce CO2
emissions significantly while also allowing coal to meet the world’s pressing energy needs.” – MIT 2007
“Citizens of poor countries have the right to aspire to better standards of living… clean coal is key.” – Arun
Ghosh, Global Economic Fellow, Oxford University
“For decades, the coal industry has supported quality high-paying jobs for American workers, and coal has provided an
important domestic source of reliable, affordable energy…. Charting a path toward clean coal is essential to achieving my
Administration’s goals of providing clean energy…” – President Barack Obama, 2010
Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for
India for 11th & 12th Plans
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Supercritical Power Plants
Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants
Circulating Fluidized Bed
Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants
SUPER CRITICAL UNITS
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Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537
o
C
Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum)
Common Off site facility
FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6
Heaters.
Total Capacity Planned
Number of Units
14,560 MW *
22 Units
* Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.
Main advantages of
Super-Critical Steam Cycle
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Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal
efficiency
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Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of
Power generated compared to sub-critical
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Very good part load efficiencies
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Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units
Current State-of-Art
Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants
Pressure
300 bar
Temperature 600oC
Efficiency
45% (LHV Basis)
Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC
By the year 2011 620 oC
By the year 2020 650-700 oC
Cycle Efficiency
50-55%
IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...
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Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while
combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency.
Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation
offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the
order of 44-48%.
The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of
particulate, NOx and SOx are:
7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the
corresponding emissions from PC plant.
- Three major areas of technology that will contribute to
improvements in IGCC are :

hot gas de-sulfurisation

hot gas particulate removal

advanced turbine systems
IGCC
Gas
Clean Up
Fuel
COAL
Raw Gas
Cooler
Steam
Combustion
Chamber
Air
Gasifier
Alternator
Booster
Comp.
Ash
Turb.
Air
Steam
Alternator
ST
Exhaust
Gases
Condenser
WHB
Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion
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Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC)
technology has selectively been applied in India
for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite,
etc.
CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant
Technology:

Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2
with limestone injection the furnace.
Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler
Steam to Super Heater
Cyclone
Coal Feed
Hopper
Ash Cooler
Back-Pass
Furnace
ESP
External
Heat-Exchanger
HP Air
CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies
CFBC
PF+FGD/SC
R
IGCC
34.8
36.7
41-42
Relative Capital
Cost/kW
1.0
1.03-1.19
1.151.42
Relative O&M
Cost/kW
1.0
1.49
0.8-0.98
ITEM
Cycle Efficiency %
At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less
costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However,
firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when
using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and
rejects.
Green Energy solutions
 Promote CCT in countries like India & China
where coal is main stay fuel for Power
Generation.
 Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
Technology
 Energy Farming
 Energy Efficiency
 Major shift towards Green Technologies
 Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
Rural Sector
Table: 05
Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide) mitigation options in India
Technology
Greenhouse gas
emission reduction
Investment cost
Cost-effectiveness
(dollars/tonne CO2)
Green Power generation
Cogeneration
1.50 kg/kWh
900 dollars/kW
10 (most cost effective)
Combined cycle
0.96 kg/kWh
818 dollars/kW
54 (cost effective)
Inter-cooled steam-injected gas
turbine
0.76 kg/kWh
947 dollars/kW
77
Pressurized
combustion
bed
0.18 kg/kWh
1894 dollars/kW
503
gasification
0.23 kg/kWh
1578 dollars/kW
340 (at par)
coal super-critical
0.18 kg/kWh
1202 dollars/kW
342 (at par)
Coal washing
0.125 kg/kWh
11 dollars/kW
179
CFBC
0.20 kg/kWh
1000 dollars/kW
250
small hydro
1.3 kg/kWh
1950 dollars/kW
88 (cost effective)
wind farms
1.3 kg/kWh
1405 dollars/kW
257
Biomass
1.6 kg/kWh
710 dollars/kW
102 (cost effective)
Solar thermal
1.3 kg/kWh
3730 dollars/kW
592
Solar PV (photovoltaic)
1.6 kg/kWh
5952 dollars/kW
541
fluidized
Integrated
combined cycle
Pulverized
boilers
Renewable energy for power
Impact Green Projects at RGTU
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CO2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of
Multi-purpose fuels – Hydrogen, Methane and
Biodiesel through Algae route
Production of CNG from Coal–gasification route
Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System
60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top of
RGTU
High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-diesel
production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel
reactors
CO2 Capture & Sequestration
Project
An Impact Project of DST at RGPV Bhopal
MODELING & SIMULATION OF
CARBON RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
THROUGH CONVERSION OF CO2
INTO USEFUL MULTIPURPOSE FUEL
Broad area of Research:
CO2 SEQUESTRATION (Under the National Program on
Carbon Sequestration – NPCS of DST)
Sub Area – Project Title: Modeling & Simulation of
Carbon Recycling Technology Through Conversion of
CO2 Into Multipurpose Fuels.
Objectives of the Proposal:
1. To establish a pilot plant for CO2 sequestration and
conversion in to multipurpose fuel.
2. To develop Zero Emission Technology Projects and
recycle Carbon-di-oxide to add value to clean energy
projects by adopting two pathways:
 Sequester CO2 and convert the same into fuel molecules.
 Use CO2 to grow micro algae to produce Bio-diesel and
Methane Gas.
3. To develop mathematical & chemical models for CO2
sequestration, Hydro Gasifier, Catalytic conversion
& Algae pond systems.
The following
incorporated:
four
systems
have
been
1. CO2 Capture & sequestration system –
Indigenous Development
2. Catalytic Flash Reduction of CO2 using charcoal
from gasifier /lignite. Production of Hydrogen
from CO
3.Production of Methane using Catalytic Conversion
process
4. Production of Algae from CO2 Sequestration with
Solar flux.
CO2 Sequestration Pilot Plant installed under the DST Project
Methodology
Description of the Pilot Plant:Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/ day
Source of CO2: Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam & Biomass
Gasifier of 10kWe
Solvent used for capture of CO2 : Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA)
SOx & NOx Removal: Na H CO3, NaOH & Lime.
Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit
- For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst “R - 01 *
- For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst “R - 02 *
- For CO ...
Input CO2 and Lignite /charcoals
FLUE GAS
FROM GASIFIER
H2
LEGEND
STEAM
N2
N2
F.G.
CO2
MEA
CH4
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER
METHANE
MEA-01
MEA-02
MEA-03
CO
H2
LIGNITE
CH4
HYDROGEN
PRODUCER
CO
CONVERTOR
ASH
GAS SCRUBBER
04
ST
NaHCO3
PURE MEA
06
ST
CO2 STRIPPER
05
PURE H2 FOR
FULE CELL
SATURATED CO2
S
T
E
A
M
MEA -07
P2
FLUE
GAS
P1
BOILER
CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT
Scheme Diagram of CO2 Capture Pilot Plant
Innovations:
• Capture of CO2 from Biomass and a Boiler on
Pilot Scale and achieving capture efficiency of
the order of 78%
• Production of CO in stable form and Water Gas
shift reaction to produce fuel molecules like H2
• Catalyst development to produce Methane from
the captured CO2
• Enhancing productivity of selected Micro-Algae
for production of Bio- diesel
• Plant Cost optimization through in-house
designing and erection work
THE ROAD MAP
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Government of India has declared its policy on
CO2 abatement by the announcement and
adoption of the ‘National Action Plan on
Climate Change’.
It has also made voluntary commitment at the
Copenhagen Summit that the Country shall
decrease its Carbon Intensity by 20% by 2020
and 50% by 2050.
The bulk of CO2 is emitted by the Thermal
Plants in the Power Sector. For EPA
regulations to be implemented there have to
be a road map as to how this can be done
without major impact on the cost or efficiency
of the Thermal Plants
Solution lies in…
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The thermal plants in India have a thermal
efficiency of 35% and an emission ratio of
0.90Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions as published
by CEA. The reduction of 20% intensity
would
translate
to
a
decrease
of
0.20Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions i.e. below
0.70Kg/kWh CO2 emissions by 2020.
This decrease is possible by a combination of
abatement and recycling measures. The CO2
reduction by an Amine system of 30% CO2
capture would mean a decrease of Thermal
Efficiency by 2%
Recycling of CO2
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The CO2 so captured needs to be either
compressed to be used in Enhanced Oil Recovery
or recycled. The better option would be that the
same be recycled.
The system additions to the existing thermal
plants would be a two stage gasifier to use up
this CO2. This would help recycle the Carbon of
the CO2 and the treated/ converted CO would be
re-fed into the Boiler by means of a Gas Burner.
This two stage gasifier would be made of a
Gasifier Chamber where the Coal is gasified by an
Oxy Fuel Process and this heated Gas fed into the
second Reactor where treated Carbon is fed to
react with the CO2 being fed from the Amine
stripper. The CO2 so fed would be converted into
CO having a LHV of 2414 kcal/Kg or 64.37% coal
equivalent in terms of the Indian Coal having an
average heat value of 3750 kcal/Kg
Application Potential:
Long Term
• Deployment of the Technology to Actual Power Plants of NTPC
through BHEL / TOSHIBA or any other major player
Immediate
• Green Energy Technology Centre (GETC) being set-up for Teaching
& Research (M. Tech & PhD)
Future action plan:
Efforts are underway to extend the scope of the process by
incorporation a Coal gasifier and recycling of carbon through
collaborative research and Distributive Research Initiatives (DRI) with
Research Organizations and Power Industries.
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
•
•
India’s position with regard to Carbon
Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We
don’t make any commitment at this stage
regarding deployment of CCS technologies.
India advocates very strongly the Carbon
Capture & Sequestration.
Some of the demo pilot projects include.
-Pilot project on Geological CO2
sequestration
in basalt rock formation.
The question of adoption of CCS will depend
on this
technology being cost effective.
-Projects under DST sponsored National
Program on
Carbon
Sequestration
(NPCS)
CO2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity
Sector
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Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today
Fuel switching (Coal NG)
Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture &
Sequestration (CCS)
(Post –Combustion CO2 Capture)
Gasification/ Reforming + CCS
(Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture)
Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS
Demo Project –Strategy Plan
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Retrofit of existing 500MW coal fired thermal power plant in India.
Demo with Post Combustion Capture and CO2 Usage
Coal
First full by-pass CO2,
then to recycling
Scale of carbon capture 30%
CO2
CO
Converter
CO
H2
Converter
H2
Algae
Plant
CO2 Capture
Turbine
Generator
Electricity
Bio-Fuel
Storage/EOR
Coal
Air
Recycled Fuel
Steam
Modification to turbine cycle
Condensate
Catalyst Dev.
Boiler
N2 , CO2,
O2 , H2O,
Flue Gas
Treatment
FGD
Storage or
EOR
N2 , O 2 ,
H2O
Implementation strategy:
Algae plant from beginning
Flue Gas
Stack
Addition of gas treatment facility required,
depending on present application
Work on burner
By OEM
Plant engineers construction or modification
RGTU specifies requirements – Industry partner
Engineers’ construction or modification
$ per tonne CO2
avoided
200
150
CO2 Capture/Sequestration
100
50
00
500
1000
1500
2000
1500
2000
$ per tonne CO2
avoided
200
150
Nuclear
100
50
$ per tonne CO2
avoided
00
500
1000
200
Renewable
150
100
50
00
500
1000
1500
Million tones CO2
2000
Figure: Comparison of CO2 capture & Sequestration Technologies
with other leading mid-to long-term option
Issues before the house
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Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies
Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO2
capture and Clean Coal Technologies
Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells
Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation
on the top of the National Agenda
Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of
Energy Efficiency and Green Environment
initiatives.
Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and
Green Technologies need to be redefined.