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efficiency of users, not just their products. Edward Elias Behaviour Driven Design Improving the energy Climate Change Factor Amount of Energy Used “Domestic energy consumption has increased by 32% since 1970 and by 19% since 1990” The key issues Issue - Department of Trade and Industry, 2002 On current trends, world demand for energy is set to increase by 53% between 2004 and 2030. “Using energy more efficiently is a cost effective way of cutting carbon dioxide emissions.” - UK Government, 2007 2 / 24 Climate Change Factor Amount of Energy Used Sources Manufacture Distribution Use Disposal Life Cycle Assessment study into fridges showed that 90% of total energy use of Sources of energy use Issue a refrigerator during its manufacture, lifetime and disposal came from the use phase during its life. - Rüdenauer & Gensch, 2005 3 / 24 Climate Change Factor Amount of Energy Used Sources Influences Manufacture Engineering Technology Distribution Use Disposal Product Behaviour User Behaviour Even the most efficiently designed product will waste energy if it is used badly. Wood et al. present findings from studies which show the impact user behaviour Influencing energy use Issue can have on domestic energy use ranges from 26– 36% - Wood & Newborough, 2002 4 / 24 Climate Change Factor Amount of Energy Used Sources Influences Manufacture Distribution Engineering Technology Energy Education Use User Behaviour Energy Feedback Disposal Product Behaviour User-Centred Design Initially [after an information campaign] there was a 30% reduction in usage, but in a subsequent week the savings had quickly fallen to 9%. - Hayes & Cone, 1977 Influencing user behaviour Issue 5 / 24 Climate Change Factor Amount of Energy Used Sources Influences Manufacture Distribution Engineering Technology Energy Education Change Mechanism Use User Behaviour Energy Feedback Disposal Product Behaviour The whole picture Issue User-Centred Design Engineering Design 6 / 24 Existing Products Old New Current Products and User Behaviour User Education and Energy Feedback 1 2 Relationship matrix User Behaviour 7 / 24 Existing Products Next Generation Old New Current Products and User Behaviour User Education and Energy Feedback 1 Design for Current User Behaviour 2 Design for New User Behaviour 3 Relationship matrix User Behaviour 4 Behaviour Driven Design 8 / 24 Old Information and Feedback New “Fridge with alarm on door” Old Product Function “Information on why to keep the door closed” New User Behaviour Focus Relationship matrix User Behaviour “Vending machine fridge” “Self-closing door” Product Behaviour Focus 9 / 24 How much energy is actually being lost due to inefficient use? Our methodology 1. 10 / 24 How much energy is actually being lost due to inefficient use? Theoretical minimum The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function, below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics. Intrinsic losses Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials of a product. Our methodology 1. User-related loses Energy losses related to actions of the user. 11 / 24 How much energy is actually being lost due to inefficient use? Theoretical minimum The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function, below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics. Intrinsic losses Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials of a product. Our methodology 1. User-related loses Energy losses related to actions of the user. 2. What is causing the user-related losses? 12 / 24 How much energy is actually being lost due to inefficient use? Theoretical minimum The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function, below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics. Intrinsic losses Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials of a product. Our methodology 1. User-related loses Energy losses related to actions of the user. 2. What is causing the user-related losses? 3. How can we design for them? 13 / 24 Product A Intrinsic losses Theoretical minimum Time For example: To boil 1 litre of water requires 0.093 kWh (Due to the laws of Thermodynamics) Theoretical minimum Energy Use A sample kettle took 2.5 minutes to boil and used 0.117 kWh. The difference (0.024 kWh) is the intrinsic losses of the product. 14 / 24 0.117 kWh (421, 200 Joules) 0.176 kWh (633,600 Joules) 0.140 kWh (505,440 Joules) User-related Losses 0.059 kWh User-related Losses 0.023 kWh Intrinsic Losses 0.024 kWh Theoretical Minimum 0.093 kWh Base Case Scenario A Scenario B 1 litre of boiled water 1.5 litres of boiled water 20% overfilled User-related losses Energy Use 15 / 24 16 / 24 User video studies Action 08:21:14 Microwave finishes cooking 08:21:17 Person A opens microwave and inspects food 08:21:22 Person A removes food from microwave 08:21:24 Person B opens freezer and looks inside 08:21:26 Person B closes freezer 08:21:26 Person B opens fridge 08:21:35 Person B removes orange juice and closes fridge 08:21:37 Person B drinks orange juice 08:21:45 Person B opens fridge 08:21:46 Person A wets a cloth in the sink 08:21:47 Person B places orange juice in fridge 08:21:50 Person A begins to wipe the inside of the… 08:22:06 Person B removes some… Video action log Time 08:22:14 08:22:39 . . . 17 / 24 1 2 Open Door Leave Open Motive No. 1 Look / Search / Sort inside 1 2 Take out an item 2 3 Load an item 3 4 Load a hot item 4 5 Load a frozen item 5 6 Load shopping 6 7 Play with / Boredom 7 1 Loading 8 2 Searching / Sorting 9 3 Cleaning 10 4 During quick task with item 11 5 Forgetful 12 6 Distracted / Doing something non related 13 7 Not closed properly 14 8 Use as a light 15 3 Overfill 16 4 Too high a setting 17 5 Throw away unused food 1 Forgot about it / bought too much Behaviour scenarios Action 18 18 / 24 Time Taken (seconds) Frequency Observed Average Time Percentage Time 1.1 (look inside) 229 16 14.3 17 1.2 (take out) 464 66 7.0 35 1.3 (put in) 289 65 4.4 22 1.6 (load shopping) 20 1 20.0 1 2.1 (loading) 7 1 7.0 >1 2.2 (searching) 72 5 14.4 5 2.4 (quick task) 169 7 24.1 13 2.6 (distracted) 81 1 81.0 6 2.7 (not closed) 7 1 7.0 >1 Behaviour assessments Behaviour Scenario 19 / 24 Behaviour Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.1 (look inside) -1 -2 2 2 -1 2 2 1.2 (take out) -1 1 2 2 2 2 -1 1.2 (put in) -1 1 2 2 2 2 -1 1.6 (load shopping) -1 -1 2 2 -1 2 -1 2.1 (load) -1 -2 1 -1 -1 2 -2 2.2 (searching) -1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2.4 (quick task) -1 -2 -2 2 1 2 2 2.6 (distracted) -1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2.7 (not closed -1 2 2 2 1 2 2 Design assessments Design Concept No. A scale from +2 to -2 allowed for some simple weighting to be applied, revealing the best design solutions. 20 / 24 Generic Principles Possible Solution Elements 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 17, 19 Improve visibility Glass / transparent door Video camera feed from inside Computer log of contents 12, 13, 14, 15 Self adjusting Self closing door Self regulating temperature Self regulating on / off function 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Segmentation Different sealed sections Separate doors and openings for different areas Separation of items requiring different temperatures Modular design Generic design principles Behaviour Scenarios 21 / 24 Generic Principle A 1 A B C 5 X Y Z 2 F G H 5 X Y Z …. … … … N N … N B N Design Solutions Elements D I … The morphological design approach allows designers to pick and chose the right solution elements for their product. Again a simple weighting system has been used, green is an absolute Morphological design Behavioural Scenario solution, yellow is a partial solution. 22 / 24 improved life cycle energy reduction User-related losses are an important consideration A design led solution is an essential approach Behaviour analysis to highlight the worst behaviours and areas Conclusions Energy use during use phase is a key area to focus on for for improvement. Careful analysis of the behaviour results can guide the redesign efforts. Behaviour Driven Design can “Lock-in” good behaviour at the design stage. 23 / 24 Thank you Edward Elias [email protected] 24 / 24