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efficiency of users, not
just their products.
Edward Elias
Behaviour Driven Design
Improving the energy
Climate Change
Factor
Amount of Energy Used
“Domestic energy consumption has increased by 32% since 1970 and by 19%
since 1990”
The key issues
Issue
- Department of Trade and Industry, 2002
On current trends, world demand for energy is set to increase by 53% between
2004 and 2030.
“Using energy more efficiently is a cost effective way of cutting carbon dioxide
emissions.”
- UK Government, 2007
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Climate Change
Factor
Amount of Energy Used
Sources
Manufacture
Distribution
Use
Disposal
Life Cycle Assessment study into fridges showed that 90% of total energy use of
Sources of energy use
Issue
a refrigerator during its manufacture, lifetime and disposal came from the use
phase during its life.
- Rüdenauer & Gensch, 2005
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Climate Change
Factor
Amount of Energy Used
Sources
Influences
Manufacture
Engineering
Technology
Distribution
Use
Disposal
Product Behaviour
User Behaviour
Even the most efficiently designed product will waste energy if it is used badly.
Wood et al. present findings from studies which show the impact user behaviour
Influencing energy use
Issue
can have on domestic energy use ranges from 26– 36%
- Wood & Newborough, 2002
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Climate Change
Factor
Amount of Energy Used
Sources
Influences
Manufacture
Distribution
Engineering
Technology
Energy
Education
Use
User Behaviour
Energy
Feedback
Disposal
Product Behaviour
User-Centred
Design
Initially [after an information campaign] there was a 30% reduction in usage, but
in a subsequent week the savings had quickly fallen to 9%.
- Hayes & Cone, 1977
Influencing user behaviour
Issue
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Climate Change
Factor
Amount of Energy Used
Sources
Influences
Manufacture
Distribution
Engineering
Technology
Energy
Education
Change
Mechanism
Use
User Behaviour
Energy
Feedback
Disposal
Product Behaviour
The whole picture
Issue
User-Centred
Design
Engineering Design
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Existing
Products
Old
New
Current Products
and User Behaviour
User Education and
Energy Feedback
1
2
Relationship matrix
User Behaviour
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Existing
Products
Next Generation
Old
New
Current Products
and User Behaviour
User Education and
Energy Feedback
1
Design for Current
User Behaviour
2
Design for New
User Behaviour
3
Relationship matrix
User Behaviour
4
Behaviour Driven Design
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Old
Information and
Feedback
New
“Fridge with alarm on
door”
Old
Product
Function
“Information on why to
keep the door closed”
New
User Behaviour Focus
Relationship matrix
User Behaviour
“Vending machine fridge”
“Self-closing door”
Product Behaviour Focus
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How much energy is actually being lost due to
inefficient use?
Our methodology
1.
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How much energy is actually being lost due to
inefficient use?
Theoretical minimum
The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function,
below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics.
Intrinsic losses
Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials
of a product.
Our methodology
1.
User-related loses
Energy losses related to actions of the user.
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How much energy is actually being lost due to
inefficient use?
Theoretical minimum
The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function,
below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics.
Intrinsic losses
Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials
of a product.
Our methodology
1.
User-related loses
Energy losses related to actions of the user.
2.
What is causing the user-related losses?
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How much energy is actually being lost due to
inefficient use?
Theoretical minimum
The minimum amount of energy required to perform a desired function,
below which it is impossible to go due to the laws of physics.
Intrinsic losses
Energy losses associated with the engineering technology and materials
of a product.
Our methodology
1.
User-related loses
Energy losses related to actions of the user.
2.
What is causing the user-related losses?
3.
How can we design for them?
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Product A
Intrinsic losses
Theoretical minimum
Time
For example:
To boil 1 litre of water requires 0.093 kWh (Due to the laws of Thermodynamics)
Theoretical minimum
Energy Use
A sample kettle took 2.5 minutes to boil and used 0.117 kWh.
The difference (0.024 kWh) is the intrinsic losses of the product.
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0.117 kWh
(421, 200
Joules)
0.176 kWh
(633,600
Joules)
0.140 kWh
(505,440
Joules)
User-related Losses
0.059 kWh
User-related Losses
0.023 kWh
Intrinsic Losses
0.024 kWh
Theoretical Minimum
0.093 kWh
Base Case
Scenario A
Scenario B
1 litre of boiled
water
1.5 litres of boiled
water
20% overfilled
User-related losses
Energy Use
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User video studies
Action
08:21:14
Microwave finishes cooking
08:21:17
Person A opens microwave and inspects food
08:21:22
Person A removes food from microwave
08:21:24
Person B opens freezer and looks inside
08:21:26
Person B closes freezer
08:21:26
Person B opens fridge
08:21:35
Person B removes orange juice and closes fridge
08:21:37
Person B drinks orange juice
08:21:45
Person B opens fridge
08:21:46
Person A wets a cloth in the sink
08:21:47
Person B places orange juice in fridge
08:21:50
Person A begins to wipe the inside of the…
08:22:06
Person B removes some…
Video action log
Time
08:22:14
08:22:39
.
.
.
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1
2
Open Door
Leave Open
Motive
No.
1
Look / Search / Sort inside
1
2
Take out an item
2
3
Load an item
3
4
Load a hot item
4
5
Load a frozen item
5
6
Load shopping
6
7
Play with / Boredom
7
1
Loading
8
2
Searching / Sorting
9
3
Cleaning
10
4
During quick task with item
11
5
Forgetful
12
6
Distracted / Doing something non related
13
7
Not closed properly
14
8
Use as a light
15
3
Overfill
16
4
Too high a setting
17
5
Throw away unused food
1
Forgot about it / bought too much
Behaviour scenarios
Action
18
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Time Taken
(seconds)
Frequency
Observed
Average
Time
Percentage
Time
1.1 (look inside)
229
16
14.3
17
1.2 (take out)
464
66
7.0
35
1.3 (put in)
289
65
4.4
22
1.6 (load shopping)
20
1
20.0
1
2.1 (loading)
7
1
7.0
>1
2.2 (searching)
72
5
14.4
5
2.4 (quick task)
169
7
24.1
13
2.6 (distracted)
81
1
81.0
6
2.7 (not closed)
7
1
7.0
>1
Behaviour assessments
Behaviour
Scenario
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Behaviour
Scenario
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.1 (look inside)
-1
-2
2
2
-1
2
2
1.2 (take out)
-1
1
2
2
2
2
-1
1.2 (put in)
-1
1
2
2
2
2
-1
1.6 (load shopping)
-1
-1
2
2
-1
2
-1
2.1 (load)
-1
-2
1
-1
-1
2
-2
2.2 (searching)
-1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2.4 (quick task)
-1
-2
-2
2
1
2
2
2.6 (distracted)
-1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2.7 (not closed
-1
2
2
2
1
2
2
Design assessments
Design Concept No.
A scale from +2 to -2 allowed for some simple weighting to be applied,
revealing the best design solutions.
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Generic Principles
Possible Solution Elements
1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 17, 19
Improve visibility
Glass / transparent door
Video camera feed from inside
Computer log of contents
12, 13, 14, 15
Self adjusting
Self closing door
Self regulating temperature
Self regulating on / off function
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15
Segmentation
Different sealed sections
Separate doors and openings for different areas
Separation of items requiring different temperatures
Modular design
Generic design principles
Behaviour Scenarios
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Generic
Principle
A
1
A
B
C
5
X
Y
Z
2
F
G
H
5
X
Y
Z
….
…
…
…
N
N
…
N
B
N
Design Solutions Elements
D
I
…
The morphological design approach allows designers to pick and chose the
right solution elements for their product.
Again a simple weighting system has been used, green is an absolute
Morphological design
Behavioural
Scenario
solution, yellow is a partial solution.
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improved life cycle energy reduction
User-related losses are an important consideration
A design
led solution is an essential approach
Behaviour analysis to highlight
the worst behaviours and areas
Conclusions
Energy use during use phase is a key area to focus on for
for improvement.
Careful analysis of the behaviour results can guide the redesign efforts.
Behaviour Driven Design can “Lock-in” good behaviour
at the design stage.
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Thank you
Edward Elias
[email protected]
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