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Anatomy and Physiology of Dogs and Cats Bones, Joints, Synovial Fluid Bones • Cellular structures where the extracellular fluid environment of the cell is surrounded by a rigid, calcified frame Function of the Skeleton • Gives identifiable form to body • Provides protection • Location of blood formation • Mineral source • Movement • Accommodates loads and stresses Joint • Moveable union between two bones • Enclosed by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid • Why SF? Axial Skeleton • Lie on long axis (midline) of body • Includes: – Skull – Vertebrae – Ribs – Sternum Appendicular Skeleton • Made up of bones of the front (pectoral) and hind (pelvic) limbs and their respective pectoral girdle (shoulder) and pelvic girdle (pelvis) A & P of Long Bones • Contains spongy (cancellous) and compact bone • Spongy bone have trabeculae which are mineralized tissue • Regions between trabeculae are filled with marrow A & P of Long Bones • Rigidity and strength of long bones is caused by the hardness of compact bone and the scaffolding arrangement of the trabeculae (parallel to the lines of maximum stress) A & P of Long Bones • The epiphysis refers to either extremity of a long bone and the diaphysis is the cylindrical shaft between the two epiphyses • The metaphysis is the flared part of the bone at the ends of the diaphysis A & P of Long Bones • The diaphysis contains the marrow (medullary) cavity that is surrounded by compact bone – Bone marrow is the site of blood production A & P of Long Bones • The epiphyses have spongy bone surrounded by compact bone • The epiphyseal plate is composed of hyaline cartilage and represents the point of growth in a longitudinal direction – In mature bones the cartilage has been replaced by bone A & P of Long Bones • The contact area of the bone that articulates with its neighboring bone at a moveable joint is covered with articular cartilage • All other outer surfaces are covered with periosteum