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Read Chap 8. Review all notes & diagrams. Finish the last slide – the six types of synovial joints. Chap 8 Joints Learning Objectives: 1. Explain an articulation (joint). 2. Classify joints based on structure and function. Describe their characteristics. 3. Demonstrate common body movements. 4. Identify and describe the main joints of the elbow, knee, hip, and shoulder. 5. Explain the basis of common joint injuries such as rotator cuff injury. Shoulder Problems: What’s Going On? • A patient presents will extreme pain in the shoulder area, mobility is limited, and rest/ ice have not improved the situation over time. After thorough examination, it is determined that the patient’s cartilage is badly torn. Rotator cuff surgery is required: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=274839917916 9714896 Review • What is an articulation? An articulation is also known as a _________. What are sutures (as in the coronal suture)? Joints • Weakest parts of the skeleton • Two functions of joints – Give the skeleton _________ – Hold the skeleton __________ Classification of Joints: Functional • Functional classification is based on the amount of ________ allowed by the joint • The three functional classes of joints are: – Synarthroses – __________ – Amphiarthroses – ___________ – Diarthroses – ___________ Fibrous Joints • • • • The bones are joined by _______ tissues There is no joint _______ Most are ____________ There are three types: 1. sutures (Example: seams in the skull) 2. syndesmoses (bones connected by ____________) Example: ligament connecting the distal ends of the tibia and fibula 3. gomphoses (____ -in-socket type of fibrous joint) Example: peridontal ligament Cartilaginous Joints • Articulating bones are united by ________ • Lack a joint ______ • Two types: 1. synchondroses – bar or plate of cartilage (Example: immoveable joint between the coastal cartilage of the first rib and manubrium) 2. symphyses – articular surfaces of bones covered with hyaline cartlage which in turn is fused to a __________ pad (or plate) of ______________. Example: intervertebral joints Synovial Joints Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a ____________ joint cavity. All are _______ movable Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body All have the following: a. Articular cartilage b. Joint (synovial) cavity c. Articular capsule d. ___________ fluid e. Reinforcing ____________ Friction-Reducing Structures in Synovial Joints • _________ – flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid • Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together • ____________ – elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon Review of Joints (Thus Far) • See handout • Estimated Time of completion = 8- 10 minutes • Will check answers Synovial Joints: Movement • The two muscle attachments across a joint are: 1. ________ – attachment to the immovable bone 2. _________ – attachment to the movable bone Synovial Joint: Range of Motion • • • • ________ – slipping movements only ________ – movement in one plane _______ – movement in two planes _______ – movement in or around all three planes There are also 3 general types of movements: _______, _______, and rotation Gliding One flat bone surface _______ or slips over another similar surface Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae Angular • _______ — bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint • _________ — reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased • _________ and plantar flexion — up and down movement of the foot • ________ — movement away from the midline • ________ — movement toward the midline • __________ — movement describes a cone in space Angular continued Angular continued Angular continued Rotation • The turning of a bone around its own long _____ • Examples – Between first two vertebrae – Hip and shoulder joints Special Movements • Supination and pronation Special Movements continued • Inversion and eversion Special Movements continued • Protraction and retraction Special Movements continued • Elevation and depression Special Movements continued • Opposition Partner Activity • Quickly pair with a partner. • Each person should demonstrate the motions on the previous 9 slides to their partner. Switch off. Types of Synovial Joints Using pages 233 – 235 as a guide name, describe and site examples of the six types of synovial joints: 1. 2. **Homework 3. 4. 5. 6.