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The Body Tissues
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
• A.
Define cell differentiation and explain its importance.
• B.
Describe stem cells and explain their importance.
• C.
Review tissue types.
• D.
Epithelial tissue
•
1.Describe important characteristics of epithelial tissue.
•
2.Describe essential functions of epithelial tissue.
•
3.Describe structural specializations of epithelial tissue.
•
4.Glandular epithlelia
•
a.Distinguish between merocrine, apocrine and
holocrine secretion.
•
b.Distinguish between serous and mucous secretions.
•
5.Define exfoliative cytology and provide examples.
• E.Connective tissue
•
1.Define fascia and describe its location and functions.
• F.Membranes
•
1.Describe the basic structure of membranes.
•
2.Describe the 4 types of membranes, their functions and locations.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-1 Four Types of Tissue
• Tissue
• Are collections of cells and cell products that
perform specific, limited functions
• Four types of tissue
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Neural tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-1 Four Types of Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
•
Covers exposed
surfaces
•
Lines internal
passageways
•
Forms glands
• Connective Tissue
•
Fills internal spaces
•
Supports other tissues
•
Transports materials
•
Stores energy
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• Muscle Tissue
•
Specialized for
contraction
•
Skeletal muscle, heart
muscle, and walls of
hollow organs
• Neural Tissue
•
Carries electrical
signals from one part of
the body to another
4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Characteristics of Epithelia
• Cellularity (cell junctions)
• Polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
• Attachment (basement membrane or basal
lamina)
• Avascularity
• Regeneration
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells
Cilia
Microvilli
Apical
surface
Golgi
apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Basement membrane
Basolateral
surfaces
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4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Functions of Epithelial Tissue
1. Provide Physical Protection
2. Control Permeability
3. Provide Sensation
4. Produce Specialized Secretions (glandular
epithelium)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Specializations of Epithelial Cells
1. Move fluids over the epithelium (protection)
2. Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)
3. Produce secretions (protection and messengers)
• Polarity
1. Apical surfaces
• Microvilli increase absorption or secretion
• Cilia (ciliated epithelium) move fluid
2. Basolateral surfaces
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4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia
1. Intercellular connections
2. Attachment to the basement membrane
3. Epithelial maintenance and repair
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4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial Maintenance and Repair
• Epithelia are replaced by division of germinative
cells (stem cells)
• Near basement membrane
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4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Singular = Epithelium; Plural = Epithelia
• Classes of Epithelia
1. Based on shape
•
Squamous epithelia — thin and flat
•
Cuboidal epithelia — square shaped
•
Columnar epithelia — tall, slender rectangles
2. Based on layers
•
Simple epithelium — single layer of cells
•
Stratified epithelium — several layers of cells
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Simple squamous epithelium
• Absorption and diffusion
• Mesothelium: Lines body cavities
• Endothelium: Lines heart and blood
vessels
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4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Glandular Epithelia
• Endocrine glands
• Release hormones
• Into interstitial fluid
• No ducts
• Exocrine glands
• Produce secretions
• Onto epithelial surfaces
• Through ducts
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia--Modes of
Secretion
• Merocrine Secretion
• Produced in Golgi apparatus
• Released by vesicles (exocytosis)
• For example, sweat glands
• Apocrine Secretion
• Produced in Golgi apparatus
• Released by shedding cytoplasm
• For example, mammary glands
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4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Holocrine Secretion
• Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells
• Gland cells replaced by stem cells
• For example, sebaceous glands
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-6 Modes of Glandular Secretion
Secretory
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
Nucleus
TEM  3039
Salivary gland
Mammary
gland
Breaks
down
Golgi apparatus
Secretion
Regrowth
Hair
Sebaceous
gland
Cells burst, releasing
cytoplasmic contents
Hair follicle
Cells produce secretion,
increasing in size
Cell division replaces
lost cells
Stem cell
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Glandular Epithelia
• Types of Secretions
• Serous glands
• Watery secretions
• Mucous glands
• Secrete mucins
• Mixed exocrine glands
• Both serous and mucous
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-4 Connective Tissue
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
1. Specialized cells
2. Extracellular protein fibers
3. Fluid extracellular ground
substance
• The Extracellular Components of Connective
Tissue (Fibers and Ground Substance)
•
Make up the matrix
•
Majority of tissue volume\Determines specialized
function
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-4 Connective Tissue
• Functions of Connective Tissue
• Establishing a structural framework for the body
• Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
• Protecting delicate organs
• Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other
types of tissue
• Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of
triglycerides
• Defending the body from invading microorganisms
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Four Types of
Membranes
1. Mucous membranes
2. Serous membranes
3. Cutaneous membrane
4. Synovial membranes
• Membranes
• Physical barriers
• Line or cover
portions of the body
• Consist of:
• An epithelium
• Supported by
connective tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Mucous Membranes (Mucosae)
• Line passageways that have external connections
• In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
• Epithelial surfaces must be moist
• To reduce friction
• To facilitate absorption and excretion
• Lamina propria
• Is areolar tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16a Membranes
Mucous secretion
Epithelium
Lamina propria
(areolar tissue)
Mucous membranes are coated with the
secretions of mucous glands. These
membranes line the digestive, respiratory,
urinary, and reproductive tracts.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Serous Membranes
• Line cavities not open to the outside
• Are thin but strong
• Have fluid transudate to reduce friction
• Have a parietal portion covering the cavity
• Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Three Serous Membranes
1. Pleura
• Lines pleural cavities
• Covers lungs
2. Peritoneum
• Lines peritoneal cavity
• Covers abdominal organs
3. Pericardium
• Lines pericardial cavity
• Covers heart
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Figure 4-16b Membranes
Transudate
Mesothelium
Areolar tissue
Serous membranes line the ventral body
cavities (the peritoneal, pleural, and
pericardial cavities).
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4-6 Membranes
• Cutaneous Membrane
• Is skin, surface of the body
• Thick, waterproof, and dry
• Synovial Membranes
• Line moving, articulating joint cavities
• Produce synovial fluid (lubricant)
• Protect the ends of bones
• Lack a true epithelium
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Figure 4-16c Membranes
Epithelium
Areolar tissue
Dense irregular
connective tissue
The cutaneous membrane, or skin, covers the
outer surface of the body.
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Figure 4-16d Membranes
Articular (hyaline) tissue
Synovial fluid
Capsule
Capillary
Adipocytes
Areolar
tissue
Epithelium
Synovial
membrane
Bone
Synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce
the fluid within the joint.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-7 Internal Framework of the Body
•
Connective Tissues
1. Provide strength and stability
2. Maintain positions of internal organs
3. Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves
•
Fasciae
•
Singular form = fascia
•
The body’s framework of connective tissue
•
Layers and wrappings that support or surround organs
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4-7 Internal Framework of the Body
• Three Types of Fasciae
1. Superficial fascia
2. Deep fascia
3. Subserous fascia
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-17 The Fasciae
Body wall
Connective Tissue Framework of Body
Body cavity
Superficial Fascia
• Between skin and
underlying organs
• Areolar tissue and
adipose tissue
• Also known as
subcutaneous layer
or hypodermis
Skin
Deep Fascia
• Forms a strong, fibrous
internal framework
• Dense connective tissue
• Bound to capsules,
tendons, and ligaments
Subserous Fascia
Rib
• Between serous
membranes and
deep fascia
• Areolar tissue
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-10 Tissue Injuries and Repair
• Tissues Respond to Injuries
• To maintain homeostasis
• Cells restore homeostasis with two processes
1. Inflammation
2. Regeneration
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4-10 Tissue Injuries and Repair
• Inflammation = Inflammatory Response
• The tissue’s first response to injury
• Signs and symptoms of the inflammatory
response include:
• Swelling
• Redness
• Heat
• Pain
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-10 Tissue Injuries and Repair
• Inflammatory Response
• Can be triggered by:
• Trauma (physical injury)
• Infection (the presence of harmful pathogens)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.