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Viruses ,Bacteria, Fungi, & Parasites What are Viruses? Flu Viruses are tiny particles of DNA or RNA that are coated with protein. Sometimes they contain an envelope made of membrane. They can’t reproduce on their own and they won’t survive long outside a living cell. Ebola HIV T4 Bacteriophage The Structure Of a Virus Viruses are composed of a core of nucleic acid. The Nucleic acid core is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. The Nucleic core is either made up of DNA or RNA but never both. 1. Viruses attach to the host cell membrane. (like a puzzle) 2. They inject their DNA (instruction for making more viruses) inside the cell. 3. They use the cell’s machinery to reproduce,(make more copies) 4. They rupture (burst) out the host cell killing it. Some viruses can hide their DNA or RNA inside the host cell for many years before they begin to kill cells! HIV virus attacks white blood cells called T-cells. It causes the disease AIDS. Smallpox, Chickenpox, flu, and warts are also caused by viruses. Adenoviruses cause the common cold. They attack cells in your respiratory system. CANNOT Kill a virus because it is not alive. NO medicines can cure!!! So…we get a vaccine. Vaccination Facts 101: 1.Helps immune system fight disease 2.Contains a weakened form of a pathogen 3. Immune system make antibodies to destroy pathogens for future exposure 4. Vaccine does not carry a live pathogen 5. Can almost eradicate (eliminate) or significantly limit the number of cases of certain viruses • Measles • Mumps • Smallpox - Preventing Infectious Disease Active Immunity A person acquires active immunity when his or her own immune system produces antibodies in response to the presence of a pathogen. Flu Attack! How a virus invades your body! Achoo!!! Bacteria Cell Prokaryotes Cells that do not have a nucleus Exist almost every where on earth Grow in numbers so great you can see them with the unaided eye Are placed in either the Monera Kingdom DRAW ILLUSTRATION Bacteria are different from viruses. They cause disease by secreting (dumping out) toxins that poison cells. Bacteria often enter the body in food and water, or through cuts in the skin. Soil Bacteria Diseases caused by Bacteria Disease Lyme Disease Tetanus Tuberculosis Diphtheria Strep Throat Effect on Body Bulls eye rash at site of tick bite. Fever and fatigue Muscle spasm, paralysis, death Fatigue, weight loss, mild fever, cough, death Sore throat, low fever, difficulty swallowing and talking, death Fever, sore throat, swollen glands - Viruses, Bacteria, and Your Health Common Bacterial Diseases Many bacterial diseases can be cured with antibiotics. Bacteria and Disease Antibiotics are substances that kill bacteria or slow their growth. – Misuse gives bacteria the upper hand – Some bacteria resist the antibiotics Movement • Flagella ~ Tail like structure the whips around to propel (move) the bacterium • Cilia ~ Miniature flagella surround the cell that help to “swim” • Non motile ~ Sticky cilia like structures that keep the bacterium from moving Bacteria Reproduction • Bacteria can reproduce at tremendous speeds. Some bacteria can reproduce as often as once every 20 minutes! • All bacteria use either asexual or sexual reproduction. • Types of reproduction: 1. Binary Fission 2. Conjugation 3. Spore Formation Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells. Binary Fission allows bacteria to reproduce so quickly because they are always DOUBLES the amount of bacteria cells. Not all bacteria are harmful! Many are BENEFICIAL! They provide something we need. Soil bacteria called 1.nitrogen fixers make nitrogen in the air into fertilizer in the nitrogen cycle. 2. Decomposers break waste back down into organic material and carbon dioxide. We rely on 3. bacteria in our guts (stomach &intestines) to help with digestion. We use some bacteria to 4. produce food like yogurts, cheeses, wine, soy sauce, etc. 5. Insulin Production Graphic Organizer Nonliving Can be useful Treated with antibiotics Another Agent of Disease A fungus is an unicellular or multicellular spore producing organism classified in the kingdom of Fungi. Most disease causing fungi are single-celled. Its cell contains a nucleus like plant and animal cells Obtaining Nutrients • Fungi use hyphae that grow into the food source to absorb nutrients. – Some decomposers & recyclers for nutrients – Some are parasites Did you know? • Fungi are really not that similar to plants. • Many fungi are economically valuable. • Many fungi are beneficial to other organisms. Helpful Fungi • Fungi can be used to benefit us. – Food – mushrooms, blue cheese, yeast to make bread rise. – Fight Disease – Makes antibiotics • Penicillin Harmful Fungus • Fungi can also cause us harm – Cause food spoilage and plant disease like Dutch Elm Disease and mildew. – Cause human diseases such as Ring Worm, Athlete’s Foot, and Yeast Infection. Fungi and Disease Candida Ringworm Athlete’s foot A group of yeast. Can invades many parts of the body. Cause skin, lung and heart infections Affects the neck, scalp, groin, or feet. Picked up from the environment. Fungus thrives in wet and warm areas. Hard to cure. Type of ringworm. Another Agent of Disease Some diseases found in humans are caused by parasites. These organisms live on or in another organism and use the organism on which it lives, as a source of food. Diseases caused by Parasites Parasites do not kill their host. If they did, the parasites would lose the benefits that they gain from that organism. Humans become weak and sick when parasites use them for nourishment, like tapeworms. Parasite/Disease Sleeping Sickness How Disease is Spread The tsetse fly transfer the organism form another host, such as a cow Amoebic Dysentery Parasites are acquired from contaminated water or from food contaminated by untreated sewage Malaria The Anopheles mosquito transfer the organism to the human bloodstream Roundworm Invades the gastrointestinal tract after its eggs are consumed in contaminated foods Pinworm Tapeworm Worm’s eggs are consumed in contaminated food. Worms hatch and move into colon. Worm’s eggs are eaten in contaminated food. Eggs hatch in intestines and attaches to lining of intestinal wall feeding on the organism. Vectors Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, 1. TICK 2. MOSQUITO 4. Teste Fly 3. FLEA