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Domain: Archaea • Group: Methanogens – methane releasing • Group: Halophiles – lives in high salt areas • Group: Thermophiles – lives in extreme temperatures Viruses b Virus Structure Virus Structure • Capsid – Protein coat covering virus; present in all viruses. Capsids are made from protein subunits called capsomeres. • __________ – Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all. Viral Replication • Only reproduce when they enter a host cell • They lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism Viral Genome Structure • • • • dsDNA ssDNA dsRNA ssRNA – Serve as mRNA – Serve as template for mRNA – Serve as template for DNA (retro) Bullet shaped envelope HIV (a retrovirus) • Viruses that causes AIDS • Peters Duesberg ______ • ss RNA that can serve as mRNA • Can cause paralysis in motor neurons • Transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water • Worse in intermediately clean cities • Salk vaccine, 1954 Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • At least 5 different types of the virus • Hep A – ss RNA, no envelope; fecal-oral • Hep C – ss RNA with envelope; sexually transmitted/ blood __________ • Bullet Shaped Envelope (ss RNA) • Long incubation period • Almost always fatal if unvaccinated. • Zoonosis • Host Range Flu • Influenza, commonly known as the flu • Symptoms include fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness • Many Epidemic/ Episodes (1918-1919) 20-100 million died; Spanish Flu 5/24/2017 12 • Infectious Protein Particles • Examples: • Mad Cow Disease • CreutzfeldtJakob Disease • Kuru (Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea) Cladistics • ___________ – A type of chart showing the relationship of the different groups to one another. • Clade – Any grouping on a cladogram that includes all of the descendents and a common ancestor. • Sister Taxa Cladistics • Shared ancestral characters – ____________ • Shared derived characters – ____________ Cladistics • Outgroups – a clade (species) closely related to the ingroup but less closely related than any of the ingroup members. • Ingroups – The group we are trying to determine the relationships for. • The Law of Parisimony (Occam’s Razor) Cladistics Groupings • ___________ – Clade that includes ancestor and all of its descendants. • ____________ – Clade that includes ancestor and some, but not all, of it’s descendants. • ____________ – Grouping that lacks a most recent common ancestor. Data: Anatomy - Using similarities and differences (two kinds of similarities): - _________ likeness attributed to shared ancestry Data: Anatomy __________ likeness due to similar ecological roles and natural selection due to convergent evolution Data: Molecular Comparisons Molecular Homologies– Comparing various molecules of different organisms. Many ways to do this…(Pg. 29 for example) Data: Molecules as “clocks” • Kimura, King • Neutral Theory • Molecular Clocks 5/24/2017 21 Phylograms Ultrametric Trees Similar to a phylogram but all the branches that can be traced from the common ancestor to the present are of equal length. They do not imply evolutionary rates, but, they can place certain branching points in geological time. Fossil Record • __________ Rocks – type of rock that usually makes best fossils 5/24/2017 24 Fossil Record • Minerals replacing organic material 5/24/2017 • Organic Material – when part of the organism remains 25 Fossil Record • Casts – • Trace Fossils – impressions made footprints, burrows, or by an organism other signs of activity 5/24/2017 26 Fossil Record • Entire Organisms 5/24/2017 27 Limitations of the Fossil Record • Habitat Bias – some habitat betters than others at making fossils • Slow Decay – Some organisms decompose too quickly or get destroyed before fossilizing • Temporal Bias – Time in which they lived and time of year. • Common Bias – More common animals are more likely to fossilize if events are rare and somewhat random 5/24/2017 28 Dating Fossils Absolute Dating (half-life) Carbon -14 5,600 years Carbon -14 5,600 years 5/24/2017 29 Relative Dating 5/24/2017 30 New Rock – Sea floor spreading 5/24/2017 Old Rock – Sea floor Disappearing Data: Geology 31 Data: Geology • Pangaea (245 mya) • Pangaea began to break up (180 mya) – __________ (North) – __________ (South) 5/24/2017 32 Geological Time Scale From here and down! 5/24/2017 33 Comparing the genes or genomes of two species is the most direct measure of inheritance from shared ancestors. Compa hybridization, restriction maps, and DNA sequencing. Use the information to determine where species A through F belong comparing the number of differences between an amino acid sequence from a blood protein found in rodents. (Assumptio separated from their common ancestor) A B C D E F A 0 10 4 9 14 10 B 10 0 11 5 16 2 C 4 11 0 10 15 10 D 9 5 10 0 15 6 E 14 16 15 15 0 16 F 10 2 10 6 16 0 Cladogram Place the taxa (outgroup, A, B, C, and D) on the cladogram based on the presence or absence of the characters 1-4 as shown in this table. Indicate before each branch point, which shared derived character evolved in the ancestor of the clade. 5/24/2017 36 You are the first zoologist to penetrate the Timbasi Swamp and explore the Okongo Forest. You identify 7 new species of guenon monkeys. You collect blood sample and compare the new species blood proteins and facial markings to decide where on the current phylogenetic tree these new species belong. Match each of the new monkey species with one of the letters inserted into the revised phylogenetic tree. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Ann’s: More closely related to Diana than any other species Flat-topped: As close to Mona as Mona is to Campbell’s Gladstone’s: Closer to redtail and moustached than any other new species Bearded: Related to Diana but not as closely as Ann’s Liebaert’s: A ground-dweller not closely related to any of the others Perkins’s: Related to Mona and Campbell’s but it branched off earlier Striped: Equally related to blue and redtail, but closer to ancestor 5/24/2017 37