Download Unit 1b Lecture Notes

Domain: Archaea
• Group:
Methanogens
– methane releasing
• Group: Halophiles
– lives in high salt areas
• Group: Thermophiles
– lives in extreme
temperatures
Viruses
b
Virus Structure
Virus Structure
• Capsid – Protein
coat covering
virus; present in
all viruses.
Capsids are made
from protein
subunits called
capsomeres.
• __________ –
Layer of fat
surrounding
capsid; present in
some viruses but
not all.
Viral Replication
• Only reproduce
when they enter a
host cell
• They lack ribosomes
and enzymes
necessary for
protein synthesis
and simple
metabolism
Viral Genome
Structure
•
•
•
•
dsDNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
ssRNA
– Serve as mRNA
– Serve as template
for mRNA
– Serve as template
for DNA (retro)
Bullet
shaped
envelope
HIV (a retrovirus)
• Viruses that
causes AIDS
• Peters Duesberg
______
• ss RNA that can
serve as mRNA
• Can cause paralysis
in motor neurons
• Transmitted through
fecal contaminated
food/water
• Worse in
intermediately clean
cities
• Salk vaccine, 1954
Hepatitis
• Inflammation of the
liver
• At least 5 different
types of the virus
• Hep A – ss RNA, no
envelope; fecal-oral
• Hep C – ss RNA
with envelope;
sexually
transmitted/ blood
__________
• Bullet Shaped
Envelope (ss
RNA)
• Long
incubation
period
• Almost always
fatal if
unvaccinated.
• Zoonosis
• Host Range
Flu
• Influenza, commonly
known as the flu
• Symptoms include
fever, sore throat,
myalgia, coughing,
weakness
• Many Epidemic/
Episodes (1918-1919)
20-100 million died;
Spanish
Flu
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• Infectious Protein
Particles
• Examples:
• Mad Cow
Disease
• CreutzfeldtJakob Disease
• Kuru (Fore tribe
of Papua New
Guinea)
Cladistics
• ___________ – A
type of chart showing
the relationship of the
different groups to
one another.
• Clade – Any grouping
on a cladogram that
includes all of the
descendents and a
common ancestor.
• Sister Taxa
Cladistics
• Shared ancestral
characters
– ____________
• Shared derived
characters
– ____________
Cladistics
• Outgroups – a clade
(species) closely related
to the ingroup but less
closely related than any
of the ingroup
members.
• Ingroups – The group
we are trying to
determine the
relationships for.
• The Law of
Parisimony (Occam’s
Razor)
Cladistics Groupings
• ___________ – Clade that includes ancestor
and all of its descendants.
• ____________ – Clade that includes ancestor
and some, but not all, of it’s descendants.
• ____________ – Grouping that lacks a most
recent common ancestor.
Data: Anatomy
- Using similarities and
differences (two kinds
of similarities):
- _________ likeness attributed to
shared ancestry
Data: Anatomy
__________ likeness due to
similar ecological
roles and natural
selection due to
convergent
evolution
Data: Molecular Comparisons
Molecular
Homologies–
Comparing various
molecules of different
organisms. Many ways
to do this…(Pg. 29 for
example)
Data: Molecules as “clocks”
• Kimura, King
• Neutral Theory
• Molecular
Clocks
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Phylograms
Ultrametric
Trees
Similar to a phylogram but
all the branches that can
be traced from the
common ancestor to the
present are of equal
length. They do not imply
evolutionary rates, but,
they can place certain
branching points in
geological time.
Fossil Record
• __________
Rocks – type of rock
that usually makes
best fossils
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Fossil Record
• Minerals
replacing organic
material
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• Organic Material
– when part of the
organism remains
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Fossil Record
• Casts –
• Trace Fossils –
impressions made footprints, burrows, or
by an organism
other signs of activity
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Fossil Record
• Entire Organisms
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Limitations of the Fossil
Record
• Habitat Bias – some habitat betters
than others at making fossils
• Slow Decay – Some organisms
decompose too quickly or get destroyed
before fossilizing
• Temporal Bias – Time in which they
lived and time of year.
• Common Bias – More common animals
are more likely to fossilize if events are
rare and somewhat random
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Dating Fossils
Absolute Dating (half-life)
Carbon -14
5,600 years
Carbon -14
5,600 years
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Relative Dating
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New Rock – Sea
floor spreading
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Old Rock – Sea
floor Disappearing
Data:
Geology
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Data: Geology
• Pangaea (245 mya)
• Pangaea began to
break up (180 mya)
– __________ (North)
– __________ (South)
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Geological
Time Scale
From
here and
down!
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Comparing the genes or genomes of two species is the most direct measure of inheritance from shared ancestors. Compa
hybridization, restriction maps, and DNA sequencing. Use the information to determine where species A through F belong
comparing the number of differences between an amino acid sequence from a blood protein found in rodents. (Assumptio
separated from their common ancestor)
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
0
10
4
9
14
10
B
10
0
11
5
16
2
C
4
11
0
10
15
10
D
9
5
10
0
15
6
E
14
16
15
15
0
16
F
10
2
10
6
16
0
Cladogram
Place the taxa (outgroup, A, B, C, and D) on the
cladogram based on the presence or absence of the
characters 1-4 as shown in this table. Indicate before
each branch point, which shared derived character
evolved in the ancestor of the clade.
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You are the first zoologist to penetrate the Timbasi Swamp and explore the Okongo Forest. You identify 7 new
species of guenon monkeys. You collect blood sample and compare the new species blood proteins and facial
markings to decide where on the current phylogenetic tree these new species belong. Match each of the new
monkey species with one of the letters inserted into the revised phylogenetic tree.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ann’s: More closely related to Diana than any other species
Flat-topped: As close to Mona as Mona is to Campbell’s
Gladstone’s: Closer to redtail and moustached than any other new species
Bearded: Related to Diana but not as closely as Ann’s
Liebaert’s: A ground-dweller not closely related to any of the others
Perkins’s: Related to Mona and Campbell’s but it branched off earlier
Striped: Equally related to blue and redtail, but closer to ancestor
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