Download Health Science Core Chapter 1, 2, 3, and 4

McFatter Technical Center
Emergency Medical Technician - Basic
Health Science Core
Chapter 9
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Chapter 9
Infection Control
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)
• Government agency responsible
for protecting public health through
prevention and control of disease
• Established guidelines for safe
work environments for employees
• Requires employer to training
employees in management of
infectious and hazardous waste
products
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Infection Cycle
Reservoir Host
Susceptible Host
Portal of Entry
Portal of Exit
Route of
transmission
• Environment is filled with microorganisms
• Various ways infection can be transmitted
• Chain of events that that describe the origin and
transmission of a disease or illness
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Infection Cycle
1. Reservoir Host – where
the organism reside
• Animals
• Water
• Air
• Soil
• Humans
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Infection Cycle
2. Portal of exit – route by
•
•
•
•
which the pathogen
leaves where it resides
Breaks in the skin
Respiratory secretions
Reproductive
secretions
Blood
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Infection Cycle
3. Route of Transmission –
method by which the
pathogen gets from the
reservoir to the new host
• Direct contact
• Air
• insects
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Infection Cycle
4. Portal of Entry – Route the
pathogen enters the new
host
• Respiratory tract
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Urinary tract
• Reproductive tract
• Break in protective skin
barrier
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Infection Cycle
5. Susceptible Host –
person capable of
being affected or
infected by invading
microorganisms
• Malnourished
• Suppressed immune
system
• Poor health
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Interruption of the Infection Cycle
• Reservoir Host:
– Identify pathogen and
provide treatment
– Maintain proper personal
hygiene
– Disinfect and sanitize work
environment
• Portal of Exit:
– Wear proper attire
– Control body secretions
– Wash hands
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Interruption of the Infection Cycle
• Route of Transmission:
– Properly dispose all infected
material
– Isolate infected patients from
others
– Do not work if you are infected
• Portal of Entry:
– Good Aseptic, disinfection, and
sterilization
• Susceptible Host:
– Identify high risk patients and
avoid unnecessary exposure
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Microorganisms and Disease
• Organism – any living thing that
is composed of one cell
• Microorganism – organism that is
not visible with the naked eye
• Pathogen – disease causing
microorganism
• Fungi – simple plant. Only mold
and yeast can cause disease
Mold
Yeast
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Microorganisms and Disease
• Protozoa – a single celled animal
that can cause disease
• Virus:
– microscopic parasitic organism
capable of causing infectious
disease
– Can only be seen with electron
microscope
– Not affected by antibiotics
– Get food and nutrients from the
cell in which they are living
McFatter Technical Center
Protozoa
Herpes Virus
Revised: January 2008
Microorganisms and Disease
• Bacteria:
– single celled
microorganism
– Grows with and without
oxygen
– Many different shapes
– Spores are bacteria that
are incased in a protective
shell
McFatter Technical Center
Bacilli Bacteria
Staphylococcus
Spirilla
Streptococci
Revised: January 2008
Asepsis
• Sterile preventing
infection
• Clean techniques:
– Hand washing
– Wearing clean uniform
– Not touching you hair or
face with your hands
– Holding contaminated
items away from you
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
When to Hand Washing
• When you arrive to work
• Before performing a procedure
on a patient
• During a procedure when your
hands become contaminated
• Between patient care
• After using the restroom
• After removing gloves
• Before eating
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Disinfection Methods
1. Bleach – use spray
bottle and fill with 10%
bleach. Fill the other
90% with water
• Germicide:
– Many different
product and must
read what it disinfects
– Prefer to bleach
because it does not
corrode metal
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Sterilization Methods
• Free from all
microorganisms
• Autoclave uses heat and
steam under pressure
• Gas sterilization is used
when autoclaves can
damage the product
• Normally wrapped in
plastic to protect
Autoclaves
Gas Sterilizer
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Sterile Technique
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Wash you hands
Assemble all the equipment
Open all packages
Do not touch anything sterile
Do not reach across a sterile field
Hold sterile items at waist level
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Sterile Technique
9. Pouring liquid in a sterile
container, do not touch
the rim
10. Put on sterile gloves
11. Do not cough, sneeze, or
talk over sterile field
12. Never leave a sterile field
unsupervised
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Donning Sterile Gloves
1. Obtain pair of sterile gloves in
your hand size.
2. Inspect glove package for signs
of contamination
3. Remove jewelry and scrub
hands.
4. Dry your hands.
5. Peel open the sterile package.
6. Grab the inner part of the glove
and slide in hand
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Donning Sterile Gloves
7. Pull glove to wrist
8. With sterile glove hand,
grab the under part of
the cuff and slide hand
into glove.
9. Pull glove to wrist.
(Do not touch inside of glove)
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Donning Sterile Gloves
10. Flip cuff and pull over
gown.
11. Slide completed sterile
glove hand under the cuff
of the other hand and flip
cuff and pull over gown.
12. Interlock hands to prevent
touching an unsterile area.
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Removing Gloves
1. Pinch at the wrist area of the glove and pull
glove off.
2. Use inside of the discarded glove to pinch the
other glove
or
Slide hand under the glove and pull glove off
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Removing Sterile Gloves
4. Make sure you do not touch the contaiminated
part of the glove.
5. Discard glove in proper bag.
6. Wash hands.
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Contaminated Sharps
• All needles, scalpel blades, and
sharp objects need to be
disposed in puncture resistant
container
• Never recap, bend, or manually
remove a dirty needle.
• Never carry needles or sharps
toward people. Always point
them toward the floor.
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
CDC Guidelines
• Standard precautions – guideline for protecting
healthcare workers from exposure to bloodborne pathogens in body secretions.
• Transmission based precautions – guidelines
to prevent transmission of specific infectious
and communicable disease of patients
suspected or confirmed.
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Modes of Transmission
• Contact
– Direct – touching an infected
patient
– Indirect – touching inanimate
object that was in contact with
an infected patient
• Droplet – droplets emitted by
coughing, sneezing, talking,
singing, or ventilation.
• Airborne – nuclei of evaporated
infected droplets
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Transmission Based Precautions
• Wear gloves whenever in contact with body
secretions
• Cover cuts and other lesions with plastic
bandage
• Wear protective eye wear and mask during
procedures with possible splattering of body
fluids.
• Wear disposable gowns with possible splattering
of body fluids
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
Transmission Based Precautions
• Properly dispose of sharps.
• Avoid direct patient contact when
you have an open wound
• Wash you hands
• Use disinfectant solution to clean
equipment
• Avoid giving mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation; instead use a
barrier device or mask.
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008
References
•
•
Pollak, Andrew N. Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured. 9th ed.
Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett,
2005.
Stevens, Kay, and Garber, Debra. Introduction
to Clinical Allied Healthcare. 2nd ed. Clifton
Park, New York: Thomson Delmar Learning,
1996.
McFatter Technical Center
Revised: January 2008