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McFatter Technical Center Emergency Medical Technician - Basic Health Science Core Chapter 16 and 17 McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Chapter 17 Excretion: The Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary Systems McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Excretion System 1. Respiratory System 2. Digestive System 3. Urinary System McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Respiratory System • All cells need oxygen • Carbon dioxide is the waste product from cellular activity • Urinary system and respiratory system work to remove waste McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Respiratory System Consists • • • • • • Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Alveoli McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Nose • Nares – two openings • Nasal septum – separate the nares • Cilia – hairlike structures that propel mucus, pus, and dust particles • Nose warms, moistens, and filters air McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Pharynx • Nasopharynx – upper section – Tonsils – Eustachian tube • Oropharynx – middle section – Receive air and food • Laryngopharynx – lower section – Opening to esophagus – Opening to trachea McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Larynx • • • • Voice box Thyroid cartilage – adam’s apple Vocal folds – produce sound Epiglottis – flap that prevent foreign substance from entering the trachea when swallowing McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli • Trachea – c-shaped cartilage • Bronchi – divide to left and right (right side is not as angled) • Bronchioles – smaller branches • Alveoli – sacs surrounded by blood vessels that exchange gases McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Diaphragm • Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles • Dome-shaped muscle • Divides thorax from abdomen • Contracts during inhalation • Relaxes during exhalation McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Breathing Process McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Inhalation • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. • Pressure in the lungs decreases. • Air travels to the lungs. McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Exhalation • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. • As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. • Pressure in the lungs increases. • Air flows out of the lungs. McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. • Oxygen diffuses into the blood. • The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen. McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Control of Breathing • Involuntary: – Medulla oblongata controls breathing increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high – Hypoxic drive is a “backup system - activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing • Voluntary Control McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Normal Breathing Rates McFatter Technical Center Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min Children 15 to 30 breaths/min Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min Revised: August 2007 Recognizing Inadequate Breathing • Irregular rhythm • Labored breathing • Muscle retractions • Pale or blue skin • Cool, clammy skin • Faster respiratory rate McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Conditions of the Lungs • Asthma – inflammation, mucus, and swelling of the bronchioles • Hemothorax – blood within the pleural cavity • Epistaxis – nose bleed • Apnea – cessation of spontaneous breathing • Dyspnea – difficulty breathing McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Conditions of the Lungs • Emphysema - loss of elasticity of the lower airway lung tissue • Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi • Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx • Pneumonia – inflammation of the lungs McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Digestive System • Breaking food down into chemical parts • Alimentary canal - begins in the mouth and ends in the anus • Peristalsis – rhythmic, wavelike motion that occurs throughout the digestive tract and causes the contents to be forced onward McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Mouth • Tongue – contains taste buds • Teeth – chew food smaller • Saliva – moistens and begins digesting – Enzyme (Ptyalin) – breaks down starches into simple sugars McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Esophagus and Stomach • Esophagus: – large muscular tube • Stomach: – Cardiac sphincter – first valve between esophagus and stomach – Pyloric sphincter – stomach and small intestines McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Stomach • Digestive juices: – Hydrochloric acid – kills pathogens, softens meat, and absorption of iron, and activates certain enzymes – Pepsin (enzyme) – breaks down protein – Lipase (enzyme) – breaks down fat McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Small Intestines • Small Intestines: – Villi – projections that contain capillaries and lacteals that absorb digested nutrients – 20 feet long uncoiled – Duodenum: • First section about 10 inches • Pancreas duct secrets pancreatic juices further digest • Liver duct secrets bile further digest McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Small Intestines • Jejunum: – middle section – 8 feet long • Ileum: – Last section – Ileocecal sphincter seperates small intestines and large McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Large Intestines • About 5 feet long uncoiled • Cecum – beginning of the large intestines • Appendix – lymphoid tissue • Absorption of water and remaining nutrients • Storage of indigestible material • Removal of waste products • Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Conditions of the Alimentary Canal • Appendicitis – inflammation of the appendix • Colitis – inflammation of the colon • Ulcer – lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum • Vomiting – reverse peristalsis resulting in expulsion of stomach contents • Diarrhea – watery bowels movements McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Urinary System • Filter waste products from the blood and excrete • Provide assistance maintaining water balance of the body • Regulating acid base balance of the body McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Kidney • Outer section: – Cortex – made up of nephrons • Inner section: – Medulla – made up of collecting tubes McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Nephrons • Basic filter of the kidney • Water and dissolved materials filter from the blood into the convoluted tubule • Waste products form urine McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra • Ureters – long slender muscular tubes that extend from the kidney basin to the bladder • Bladder - hollow muscular sac that stores urine till excreted • Urethra – tube that extends from the bladder to the outside of the body McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Conditions of the Urinary System • Anuria – failure to produce urine • Dysuria – painful or difficult urination • Hematuria – blood present in the urine • Incontinence – loss of bladder control • Kidney stones – stone made up of uric acid and calcium salts McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Questions – What prevents food from entering into the trachea? A. Tonsil B. Epiglottis C. Tongue D. Esophagus McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Question – What is the rhythmic motion that moves food through the digestive system A. Ptyalin B. Chyme C. Peristalsis D. Swallowing McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Question – Stone made up of uric acid and calcium salts is hematuria. A. True B. False McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Chapter 17 The Specialties: The Sensory, Endocrine, and Reproductive System McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Sensory System • • • • • • • • Sight Smell Hearing Taste Balance Touch Pressure Temperature McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 The Eye • Eyelids and eyelashes protect the eye from foreign body • Three layers: – Sclera – outer layer that is connective tissue white in color – Choroid coat – middle layer that is connective tissue containing blood vessels – Retina – inner layer contains nerve receptors for vision. McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 The Eye • Cones – light vision • Rods – dark or dim • Pupil – constricts when light is bright and dilates when light is dim • Cornea – permits light through to retina and sensitive to injury • Conjunctiva – mucous membrane that covers the inner eyelids and front eyeball McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Ailment of the Eye • Astigmatism – irregularity in the curvature of the cornea or lens that can blur vision • Cataract – lens becomes cloudy • Conjunctivitis – inflammation of the white of the eye (pink eye). McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Ailments of the Eye • Glaucoma – increased intraocular pressure • Strabismus – muscles of the eyeball fail to coordinate movement (cross eye). McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 The Ear • Allows hearing and balance • Three sections: – Auricle or pinna – outer ear made of cartilage and projects from the head – Tympanic cavity – middle ear which conducts sound – Cochlea – inner ear which holds the sensory receptors for hearing and equilibrium McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 The Ear Cerumen - Outer portion of the pinna secretes a special wax that trap foreign bodies McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 The Ear Middle Ear – hearing begins when sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane and transmit sound to the three ossicles. McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 The Ear Inner ear – transmits sound to brain for interpretation and vestibules that contain fluid providing sense of balance McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Taste • Located on the surface of the tongue • Tasted only in liquid form • Sweet • Sour • Salty • Bitter McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Smell • Olfactory epithelium stimulated by scents. • Inflammation of the nasal passage diminishes sense of smell McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Sense of Touch Perception of texture, shape, size, pressure, pain, and temperature McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Endocrine System • Gland – structure that secretes substances used elsewhere in the body • Exocrine – glands that transport secretions to another part of the body via ducts • Endocrine – glands that secrete hormones directly into blood or lymph system to different tissue McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Pituitary Gland • Located at the base of the brain • Master gland • Controls secretion of hormones from other glands • Secrete hormone that regulate reproduction, growth, and metabolism McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands • Located anterior portion of trachea • Thyroid regulates metabolism and needs iodine • Parathyroid regulate the amount of calcium in the body McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Adrenal Gland • Locate on top of the kidneys • Two parts: – Cortex – outer part secrete a variety of steroid hormones – Medulla – inner part secrete into the blood epinephrine and norepinephrine McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Pancreas • Upper left abdominal quadrant • Secretes insulin which regulates blood sugar levels McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Thymus Gland • Mass of lymphoid tissue located in the thoracic cavity • Responsible for formation of the immune system • Atrophies during puberty years McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Female Reproductive System • Ovaries – produce estrogen which is responsible for sex characteristics • Uterus – responsible for holding the embryo and fetus from conception till birth • Fallopian tubes – ovum transported through with peristalsis McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Female Reproductive System McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 Male Reproductive System • Testes produce sperm and testosterone hormone • Prostate gland – produce fluid nourish sperm and increase motility • Cowper’s gland – secrete fluid that lubricates and neutralizes acidity McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007 References • • Pollak, Andrew N. Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured. 9th ed. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett, 2005. Stevens, Kay, and Garber, Debra. Introduction to Clinical Allied Healthcare. 2nd ed. Clifton Park, New York: Thomson Delmar Learning, 1996. McFatter Technical Center Revised: August 2007