* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Virus & Bacteria PPt Notes
Survey
Document related concepts
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Cell (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Neurodegeneration wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Antiviral drug wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Human microbiota wikipedia , lookup
Dictyostelium discoideum wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial taxonomy wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Warm-Up!!! 3/19 B = blue hair b = purple hair Cross Bb and bb. What is the chance they will have a child with purple hair? Warm-Up!!! 3/19 B = blue hair b = purple hair Cross Bb and bb. What is the chance they will have a child with purple hair? 50% Warm-Up!!! 3/20 E = purple eyes e = orange eyes What is the chance a heterozygous father and a homozygous dominant mother have a child with orange eyes? Warm-Up!!! 3/20 E = purple eyes e = orange eyes What is the chance a heterozygous father and a homozygous dominant mother have a child with orange eyes? 0% Warm-Up!!! 3/21 Which of the compounds below are the products of Photosynthesis and which are the products of Respiration? Carbon Dioxide Oxygen ATP Water Glucose Warm-Up!!! 3/21 Which of the compounds below are the products of Photosynthesis and which are the products of Respiration? Photosynthesis Products: Oxygen Cellular Respiration Products: ATP Sugar Carbon Dioxide Water The Black Death The Amazing World of Bacteria!!!! Compare/Contrast Prokaryotes (Bacteria) Eukaryotes Smaller Simpler Has genetic material No nucleus Grow, reproduce, & respond to environment Some move by gliding or swimming Some have internal membranes Unicellular Larger Complex Has genetic material Nucleus Grow, reproduce, & respond to environment All move Have internal membranes Unicellular & multicellular Has organelles & cytoplasm Bacteria are: •Unicellular •Prokaryotic…which means? Each square centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteria. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion (1,000,000,000) bacteria. Fact: Bacterial Kingdoms! Bacteria are ALWAYS Unicellular Prokaryotes (NO Nucleus)! There are two Kingdoms of Bacterial Life: 1. Archaebacteria – cell walls without Peptidoglycan. Very old and live in extreme environments 2. Eubacteria – cell walls with Peptidoglycan. The bacteria that infect us! Bacteria Contain: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A Cell Wall Circular DNA Tiny Pieces of DNA called plasmids Ribosomes for making protein Flagella for movement (sometimes) Bacteria Reproduce: Asexually through a process called Binary Fission. This results in two identical daughter cells (clones). Conjugation A process bacteria go through to share DNA. Bacteria don’t exchange their entire DNA just the small plasmid rings. This is how they share genetic info and become antibiotic resistant. Botulism Toxin Identifying Bacteria! Bacteria are very small, much smaller than a single human cell, but they can be identified by their: 1. Shape 2. Arrangement 3. The way they obtain food/energy Bacteria Shapes! Bacteria have three main shapes! 1. Bacilli: Rod-shaped 2. Cocci: Spherical 3. Spirilla: Cork-screw shaped How we Identify Prokaryotes • The chemical nature of their cell walls. • A method of Gram Staining is used to determine nature. Gram (+) = violet, Gram (-) = pink. Bacterial Arrangements Those three shapes of bacteria can come in three different arrangements: 1. Pairs of two: 2. In Chains: 3. In Clusters: prefix diploprefix streptoprefix staphylo- Bacterial Arrangements So, if you looked under a microscope and found a spherical bacteria in pairs of two what would you call it? Bacterial Arrangements So, if you looked under a microscope and found a spherical bacteria in pairs of two what would you call it? Diplococcus! What about a spherical bacteria in chains? Bacterial Arrangements What about a spherical bacteria in chains? Streptococci or Streptococcus bacteria! Bacterial Arrangements What about a rod shaped bacteria in chains? Bacterial Arrangements What about a rod shaped bacteria in chains? Streptobaccili! Bacteria Metabolism Bacteria are much more diverse than we are in their ways of obtaining energy. Some make their own food (autotrophs) and some must obtain energy from outside sources (heterotrophs). 1. Hetereotrophic Bacteria These bacteria eat others/food. A. Decomposers – eat and recycle organic material B. Pathogens – parasites. They either attack cells directly or secrete toxins that damage cells C. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria – turn atmospheric nitrogen into a form life can use. 2. Autotrophic Bacteria These bacteria make their own food. A. Photoautotrophs use the sun’s energy to make food. B. Chemoautotrophs – Obtain energy from molecules like ammonia or sulfur dioxide Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the nodules of roots Helpful Bacteria • Decomposers break down dead organic material • Biotechnology - inserting helpful genes into a plasmid • Bioremediation - bacteria eat up oil spills • Food production – cheese and yogurt • Put nitrogen back into the soil • Aid in digestion Strep throat Streptococcus Staphylococcus Syphilis Gonorrhea-Passed from Mother to Baby • work by preventing cell wall formation, breaking up cell membranes, or disrupting chemical processes. •cannot treat viral infections. Interdependence Viruses and organisms rely on their environment and other species for survival. Viruses Viruses are NOT cells. A virus is an infectious agent made up of: •a core of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) •a protein coat Alive or not? Even scientists disagree as to whether or not viruses are alive. What do you think? Look at the chart on the next page to help you decide. Characteristic of life CELL VIRUS Made of cells YES NO Obtain & use energy YES NO Grow & develop YES Reproduce YES Respond & adapt Contain RNA or DNA Only inside a living cell Only inside a living cell YES YES YES YES Viruses • Viruses are particles of: – Nucleic acid – Protein – Lipids (only in some) • They vary in size and structure. • They enter living cells & use the machinery of the infected cell to produce more viruses. • Composed of: – A core DNA or RNA (which has the instructions for making copies) – This is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid which binds the virus to the surface of the host cell. Structure of a virus ENVELOPE • Envelope (part of the protein coat) • Capsid (part of the protein coat) • Nucleic acid (either DNA or NUCLEIC RNA) ACID CAPSID Viruses Retroviruses – contain RNA as their genetic information. – Genetic information is copied backwards. – It may remain dormant for any length of time before becomes active and it can cause death of the host cell. – Ex. AIDS, some cancers. Retrovirus ENVELOPE • A virus that contains RNA instead of DNA • Human RNA Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus • HIV causes AIDS CAPSID Viruses • Bacteriophages– Viruses that infect bacteria. – Ex. Bacteriophage T4 Bacteriophage • A virus that only infects bacteria CAPSID HEAD DNA CAPSID TAIL FIBER Lytic Cycle The viral infection that rapidly kills the host cell is the lytic cycle. Cycle Illustration 1 2 4 3 5 Lysogenic Cycle The viral infection that enters a cell, remains harmless for a period of time (sometimes years), and then becomes harmful later is called the lysogenic cycle. Viruses • Once inside a host cell: – Lytic infection • Virus inters cell and makes copies of itself. • Causes cell to burst, releasing new virus particales that can attack other cells. • It then uses materials of host cell to make copies of its own DNA molecule. • Host cell is destroyed. – Lysogenic infection • Virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of host cell. • The viral genetic info. replicates along with the host cell’s DNA. • Viral DNA that’s embedded in host’s DNA is called prophage. • Unlike lytic, it does not lyse the host cell right away so it may remain a part of DNA of host for many generations. Viruses • Must infect living cells in order to reproduce. • Are Parasites. • Are not considered to be living things because they are not made up of cells & cannot live independently. Role of viruses • All viruses act like parasites, harming the host cell. • Viruses cause disease in every kind of organism—animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria. Jenner and Pasteur • Edward Jenner, English Doctor…. – Invented vaccine – Infected own son with cow pox (a mild form of small pox) – Son didn’t contract small pox – Cow pox triggered immune system to create an immunity against small pox • Louis Pasteur –Pasteurization –Disproved spontaneous generation –Said “life came from life” –Boiled broth to kill microorganisms What is an epidemiologist? • A scientist who studies the causes and controls of disease outbreaks. • Involved in preventing disease outbreaks and in stopping outbreaks that do occur spreading. • Work for CDC, FBI, etc. Inoculation & Incubation of culture medium • Culture medium – either a broth or an agar with nutrients added to it to aid in the growth of microorganisms. • Inoculation – referred to as a streak or stab (putting microorganisms in a nutrient agar or broth so they can grow) • Incubation – usually 24 – 48 hours at a temperature of 20º C or 37º C. Inoculation Technique Heat loop Inoculation Inoculation Broth Inoculation Slant Agar Deep Agar Plate Above are Petri Dishes with Agar that are used to culture bacteria. Streak Plates Bacteria cultures – each color is a different types of bacteria. Finished Product How to Capture Bacteria 1. Decide what you want to swab as a team 2. Wet the swab by dipping it in the beakers of water up front 3. Swab your location (door knob, key board, etc.) 4. Come to the front and run the swab lightly over your group’s section of the petri dish. 5. Label what location your group swabbed on the sheet. 6. Through the swab away and wash your hands!!!! 1. What are the different ways bacteria obtain energy? 2. What are the characteristics of Prokaryotes? 3. Name and describe/draw the three different arrangements of bacteria. 4. What are some ways bacteria are helpful to humans? 5. Name and describe the process of how bacteria reproduce. 6. Describe the 2 Kingdoms of bacteria and describe how they differ? 7. Name and describe the three different shapes of bacteria. 8. Draw and label the parts of a bacterium Pathogen – disease causing organisms • Virus • Bacteria • Fungi • Protozoans Koch’s Postulates 1. The pathogen must be found in an animal with the disease and not in a healthy animal. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the sick animal and grown in a laboratory culture. 3. When the isolated pathogen is injected into a healthy animal, the animal must develop the disease. 4. The pathogen should be taken from the second animal and grown in a laboratory culture. The cultured pathogen should be the same as the original pathogen. Bacteria produce disease in 2 ways: • Bacteria damage the cells & tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down the cells for food. • Bacteria release toxins (poisons) that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host. Bacterial Diseases • Louis Pasteur – the first to show that bacteria caused diseases and established the germ theory of disease. • Diseases: – Tuberculosis- bacteria is inhaled into lungs which destroys tissue and gets into the blood to travel to other places throughout the body. – Strep Throat- bacteria releases toxins. This bacteria also causes scarlet fever. – Diphtheria- infects tissues of the throat which leads to breathing problems, heart failure, paralysis & death. – Lyme Disease – Tooth Decay Some Bacterial Diseases VIRAL DISEASES Viral Diseases • Viruses disrupt the body’s normal equilibrium. • Viruses attack & destroy certain body cells causing the symptoms of the disease. • Diseases: – – – – – Common cold Influenza AIDS Chickenpox Measles • Can produce other serious diseases in both animals & plants. • Plant viruses have a difficult time entering cells they infect partly because plant cells have though cell walls. Viral Diseases • 2 Virus like particles can cause disease: • Viroids – single-stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsoid. (cause disease in plants). – Ex. Tobacco mosaic virus. • Prions – particles that contain only protein which have no DNA or RNA. (cause disease in animals & humans). – Ex. Foot & mouth disease in livestock. MEASLES SMALLPOX HERPES HIV • HIV is transmitted when the body fluids of an infected individual are passed on to an uninfected individual by direct contact or contaminated objects. • Breaks down immune system, so can no longer fight off disease – Hides in Helper T cells • People w/HIV, then AIDS suffer from two rare problems. – Pneumosystis carinii – protozoan infections of lungs – Kaposi’s sarcoma - cancer How is disease spread? • People – Direct contact –Touching –Kissing –Sexual contact • Object – food poisoning • Air, Soil and Water • Vectors – insects: malaria Prevention & Control • Methods of controlling bacterial growth: – Sterilization – heat; most can’t survive high temperatures for long period on time.(kills bacteria) – Disinfectants – soaps & cleaning solutions; sterilizes hospitals; overuse may cause bacteria to evolve.(kills bacteria) – Food storage – refrigeration (bacteria takes longer to multiply at low temperatures); boiling; frying; steaming. – Food processing – canning (heated to high temperature, placed into sterile jars & sealed); chemical treatments such as salt, vinegar,sugar. (kills bacteria) Protection Against • Vaccines – prevention. • Antibiotics – viruses do not respond to antibiotics but sometime the symptoms can be treated. Allergies • Occur when antigens bind to mast cells. • Activate mast cells which release histamines. –Histamines produce sneezing, runny eyes & nose Common Antigens that cause allergies • Foods • Dust – Milk, eggs • Antibiotics – Penicillin • Cosmetics • Pollen • Molds • Microbes • Chemicals in plants – poison ivy Autoimmune diseases • A disease in which the immune system starts attacking body cells as if they were pathogens. • Affect organs and tissues in different parts of the body. • Graves disease, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Type I diabetes Some Autoimmune Diseases • Rheumatoid Arthritis – exact cause is unknown, but clear the immune system is involved. – Involves inflammation of joint, swelling, pain & loss of function. • Rheumatic Fever – happens when streptococcus bacteria causes a disease known as strep throat. – If left untreated, the immune system produces antibodies that destroy bacteria. • Multiple sclerosis – result of destruction by immune system of special cells that surround nerve fibers and permit rapid impulse transmission. Autoimmune diseases, cont. • Lupus – exact cause unknown, although it is certain that both environment & genetic factors are involved. – Believed a genetic pre-disposition to the disease • Symptoms include: – Achy joints, 100°F + fever, Arthritis, Prolonged or extreme fatigue, Skin rashes, Anemia, Kidney disorders • Factors that trigger Lupus: – Infections, Antibiotics, Ultra-violet lights, Extreme stress, Hormones AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES Infectious v. Noninfectious diseases • Infectious disease - Any disease caused by the presence of pathogens in the body –Easily spread from one person to another or from one body part to another • Non-Infectious disease - One that does not spread –Rheumatoid arthritis Prevention & Control • Vaccine – a preparation of weakend or killed pathogens. It can prompt the body to produce immunity to the disease. • Immunity – the body’s natural way of killing pathogens. • Antibodies – compounds that block the growth & reproduction of bacteria. – When a bacterial infection occurs, antibiotics can be used to fight the disease. – Animals can suffer from bacterial diseases as well. Ex. Anthrax – sheep to farmers & wool workers which can lead to death. (biological warfare) Active v. Passive immunity • Immunity – resistance to a particular disease • Active immunity - immunity that you get because you have been exposed to a disease • Passive immunity – immunity that you get because of a vaccine T cells and B cells • Both are white blood cells • Regulated by helper T cells • B cell response – defense that aids the removal of extracellular pathogens – B cells • Stay in lymph nodes & organs • Mature in bone marrow • T cell response – destruction of intracellular pathogen by cytotoxic T cells • Both lymph, organs & circulation • Occur in thymus gland (located in lower neck & thorax) • Act directly against certain pathogens Specific v. Nonspecific • Nonspecific – always present, fights off anything foreign to the body. –2 lines of defense (1 outside, 1 inside) • Specific – body has been exposed to disease before (immunity to chicken pox once you have already had the disease) • 1st line of nonspecific defense – Mucous membranes – traps it before it can enter the body – Skin – acts as a physical barrier – Sweat – contains lysozyme (which digest bacterial walls) • 2nd line of nonspecific defense – Inflammatory response – Temperature response – Proteins – White blood cells • Temperature response –Disease causing bacteria don’t grow well at high temperatures –Normal body temperature 37º C (98.6º F) –> 39º C (103º F) – dangerous –>41º C (105º F) - fatal • Inflammatory response • Protein complement system – About 20 different proteins circulate in the blood and became active when they encounter certain pathogens by attaching to the surface of proteins and damaging plasma membrane. • Interferons – Protein is released by cells infected with virus which causes nearby cells to produce an enzyme that prevents viruses White blood cells – patrol the bloodstreamwait to attack the pathogen – Neutrophils – engulf bacteria, then release chemicals that kill bacteria, can also squeeze between cells in the walls of capillaries to attack pathogens. – Macrophage – ingest & kill bacteria and clear dead cells & other debris, travel through the body in lymphatic systems and & between cells, concentrated in particular organ (spleen and lungs) – Natural killer cells – attack cells infected with pathogens, puncture cell membrane, water rushes into infected cell which swells & burst (body’s defense against cancer) • • • • • SPECIFIC RESPONSE White Blood Cells – produced in bone marrow and circulate in the blood and lymph nodes Macrophage – consume pathogens and infected cells Cytotoxic (killer) T cells – attack & kill infected cells B cells – label invaders for later destruction by macrophages Helper T cells – activate cytotoxic T cells & B cells • Infected cell has an antigen (substance that triggers an immune response) of an invader on its surface • White blood cells are covered with receptor proteins that respond to infection by binding to specific antigens on the surfaces of the infecting microbes • They recognize and bind to antigens that match their particular shape. Viral diseases usually cannot be cured, but many can be prevented by •Good hygiene •Immunization Bacteria share DNA when they swap plasmid rings through a process called__________________. A. B. C. D. Conflagration Conjugation Condescension Condensation Warm-Up!!! 3/29 Bacteria reproduce ____________ through a process called ________ ________. A. B. C. D. Sexually; biotic fission Asexually; binary fission Sexually; binary fission Asexually; biotic fission Warm-Up!!! 3/29 Bacteria reproduce ____________ through a process called ________ ________. A. B. C. D. Sexually; biotic fission Asexually; binary fission Sexually; binary fission Asexually; biotic fission Warm-Up!!! 3/29 Bacteria share DNA when they swap plasmid rings through a process called__________________. A. B. C. D. Conflagration Conjugation Condescension Condensation Warm-Up!!! 3/29 Bacteria share DNA when they swap plasmid rings through a process called__________________. A. B. C. D. Conflagration Conjugation Condescension Condensation Warm-Up!!! 3/29 Bacteria share DNA when they swap plasmid rings through a process called__________________. A. B. C. D. Conflagration Conjugation Condescension Condensation