Download Pandemics

VECTOR
1.
an insect or other organism that transmits a pathogenic fungus, virus,
bacterium, etc.
2. any agent that acts as a carrier or transporter, as a virus or plasmid that conveys a
genetically engineered DNA segment into a host cell
DISEASE OUT BREAK
Happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or
region, or during a season.
An outbreak may occur in one community or even extend to several countries. It can
last from days to years. Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is
considered an outbreak.
This may be true if it is an unknown disease, is new to a community, or has been
absent from a population for a long time.
An outbreak can be considered as an epidemic or pandemic.
OUT BREAK
A disease outbreak is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would
normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season.
An outbreak may occur in a restricted geographical area, or may extend over several
countries. It may last for a few days or weeks, or for several years.
A single case of a communicable disease long absent from a population, or caused by
an agent (e.g. bacterium or virus) not previously recognized in that community or
area, or the emergence of a previously unknown disease, may also constitute an
outbreak and should be reported and investigated
EPIDEMIC
An epidemic is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a
given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less
EPIDEMIC
An illness or health-related issue that is showing up in more cases than would
normally be expected.
It occurs when an infectious disease spread rapidly to many people.
SARS?
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral
respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called
SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS
was first reported in Asia in February 2003. Over
the next few months, the illness spread to more
than two dozen countries in North America, South
America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS global
outbreak of 2003 was contained.
The SARS outbreak of 2003
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a
total of 8,098 people worldwide became sick with
SARS during the 2003 outbreak. Of these, 774
died. In the United States, only eight people had
laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV infection. All of
these people had traveled to other parts of the
world with SARS. SARS did not spread more
widely in the community in the United States. See
an update on SARS cases in the United States
and worldwide as of December 2003.
SARS – 2003 EPIDEMIC
WHAT IS A PANDEMIC?
Pandemic – spread of infectious diseases through
large regions of populations; generally from
continent to continent
Has to meet three conditions:
 Emergence of a disease new to a population
 Agents infect humans, causing serious illness
 Agents spread easily and be sustainable among humans
PANDEMIC
Pandemic normally is used to indicate a far higher number of people affected than an
epidemic.
Pandemic also refers to a much larger region being affected. In the most extreme
case, the entire global population would be affected by a pandemic.
EPIDEMIC / PANDEMIC / OUTBREAK
A disease outbreak happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region or during a
season. An outbreak may occur in one community or even extend to several countries. It can last from days to years.
Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak. This may be true if it is an unknown disease, is
new to a community, or has been absent from a population for a long time.
If you observe what you think might be a disease outbreak, report it right away to your health care provider or public health
department.
An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people. In 2003, the severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide
A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in history.
Influenza pandemics have occurred more than once.
Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918.
Asian influenza killed 2 million people in 1957.
Hong Kong influenza killed 1 million people in 1968.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
A PANDEMIC AND AN EPIDEMIC?
Pandemics are epidemics at a much larger scale; they affect
much more people at a larger geographical scale
 An epidemic must be a disease or condition that is NOT infectious, such as cancer. Pandemics
MUST be infectious or contagious.
 Pandemic is typically wide spread area rather than being confined to a particular location or
region and affect global populations. An epidemic is not worldwide.
 For example, malaria can reach epidemic levels in regions of Africa but is not a threat globally.
Whereas a flu strain can begin locally (epidemic) but eventually spread globally (pandemic).
This is not unusual for a new virus, because if people have not been exposed to the virus
before, their immune systems are not ready to fight it off, and more people become ill.
HISTORICAL PANDEMICS
BUBONIC PLAGUE
A zoonotic disease (can be transferred from animals to humans)
Transmitted between animals and humans thru flea bites
Incubation Period: 7-10 days after infection
Symptoms: Bacteria enters from the bite and goes to the nearest
lymph node, which then swells up and may become an open
sore
Treatment: antibiotics and supportive therapy.
CHOLERA
Cholera is an acute intestinal
infection caused by ingesting food
or water that is contaminated
Incubation period: 1 – 5 days
Symptoms: Extreme watery diarrhea
that can lead to severe
dehydration and death, vomiting
also occurs
Treatment: oral rehydration salts to
replace lost fluids usually results
in cure; in severe cases,
intravenous administration of
fluids may be required
YELLOW FEVER
A zoonotic disease transmitted by mosquitoes between humans and
monkeys
Incubation Period: 3-6 days after infection
Symptoms:
 “Acute Phase” – fever, muscle pain, headache, shivers, vomiting
 “Toxic Phase” – fever reappears, jaundice, bleeding, bloody vomit
If a patient enters the “toxic phase” there is only a 50% chance they will
survive.
Treatment: No specific treatments, though vaccination is highly
recommended as a preventive measure
SMALLPOX
Smallpox is a contagious disease caused
by a virus and is said to have originated
over 3,000 years ago in India or Egypt
Incubation Period: 7-17 days after exposure
Symptoms: Fever, vomiting, severe muscle
aches, smallpox rash, blindness
Treatment: No treatments were ever
developed, however a vaccine was
created and successfully eradicated the
disease in 1980
Malaria is a zoonotic disease
caused by a parasite and is
transmitted by the bites of
infected mosquitoes
Incubation Period: 10-15 days
after bite
Symptoms: fever, headache,
vomiting
If not treated, it can quickly
become life-threatening by
disrupting the blood supply
to organs
Treatment: Antimalarial
medicine within 24 hours of
the onset of symptoms,
supportive therapy
MALARIA
INTRODUCTION TO INFLUENZA
Influenza is a viral infection that affects mainly the nose, throat, bronchi, and lungs
Generally lasts for a week, but in the very young, elderly, and those with serious medical
conditions, it can lead to severe complications and death
Background on Influenza Pandemics
• Influenza pandemics are rare, but have a
high fatality rate.
• Three flu pandemics have occurred in the
past century: The Spanish flu of 1918, Asian
flu of 1957, and the 1968 Hong Kong flu.
• Death toll from the Spanish flu of 1918 was
estimated to be 20-50 million worldwide.
• Over half a million people died in the U.S.
from the Spanish Flu.
• More people died from the Spanish flu
than were killed in World War I.
Spanish Flu 1918
H5N1 AVIAN INFLUENZA
(BIRD FLU)
Important Points to Remember:
 There is no bird flu present in the U.S. today.
 The U.S. does NOT import poultry products
from other countries.
 There is no danger of getting bird flu from
eating chicken. You cannot get bird flu from
properly cooked chicken. Cooking would kill
any virus.
 Keep all poultry products properly
refrigerated and cook thoroughly before
eating.
Introduction to Bird Flu
• Bird flu is a lethal variant of the flu virus
that poses a major threat to the world’s
population.
• The deadly flu pandemic of 1918 (the
Spanish flu) was a strain related to bird
flu.
• Bird flu has reappeared in the past
decade, and there is growing concern
that another pandemic will occur in the
near future.
• Education about bird flu will
be important in an outbreak to
help prevent infection and
control panic.
• Scientists have stated that we
are “overdue” for another flu
pandemic.
What causes avian influenza?
•Wild birds such as ducks and geese
have been shown to be “silent
carriers” of the virus.
• Wild birds can spread the virus to
domestic poultry flocks.
• Bird flu is especially devastating to
domestic poultry.
• In the 1997 Hong Kong outbreak,
every chicken was killed to prevent
the spread to humans.
•Two forms of the virus can be
found in birds. One form is mild
while the other is extremely
contagious and rapidly fatal.
• A strain known as the H5N1
virus has caused widespread
domestic poultry outbreaks since
2003.
• The H5N1 is a zoonotic strain. It
has the unique ability to cross the
species barrier from birds to
humans.
What causes avian influenza?
H5N1 Pandemic Potential
• Research shows that the H5N1 virus could have pandemic
potential.
• The virus that infects birds has mutated into a strain that is
contagious to humans.
• If the virus adapts into a contagious strain capable of infecting
humans, the H5N1 virus will no longer be a “bird flu.” It will be a
“human flu.”
H1N1 SWINE INFLUENZA A
(SWINE FLU)
Important Points to Remember:
 There is no danger of getting swine flu
from eating pork. Properly cooking any
meat would kill viruses.
 There is no danger in touching pigs,
though you should avoid sneezing, sicklooking animals.
 Generally, the H1N1 virus is spread by
human-to-human contact, not swine-tohuman contact
Swine flu is also a lethal
variant of the flu virus
that may potentially pose
a major threat to the
world’s population
The technical term for the
most recent 2009
outbreak is the H1N1
virus
INTRODUCTION TO SWINE FLU
• There have only been four major
variations of the flu found in
swine: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and
H3N1
• The symptoms that appear tend
to be very similar to a regular flu:
fever, cough, sore throat, body
aches, etc. The major difference,
however, is that if left untreated,
the H1N1 virus has a bigger
probability of causing severe
problems that might lead to
death.
• The most recent outbreak of
the H1N1 virus formed in
Mexico.
• The form of flu that originated
in Mexico is a genetic mixture
of viruses that have been
seen in pigs, birds and
people.
• The reason why it’s being
called a “swine flu” is
because the overall structure
of the virus is of the type that
affects pigs.
WHAT CAUSES SWINE INFLUENZA?
H1N1 Pandemic Potential
• Researchers believe that even though the H1N1 virus is deadly, it
isn’t currently at a pandemic stage. It does, however, have the
potential of becoming a pandemic if not quickly taken care of.
• There is danger in having a strain originating from swine because
swine is similar to both humans and to other animals when it
comes to its genetics. So catching a flu from another animal, such
as a bird, and then spreading the virus to humans is possible.
WAYS TO PREVENT INFLUENZA
Get a yearly flu vaccination – though this won’t
prevent you from getting a new strain of the virus,
it can help reduce the chance of you catching the
virus.
Basic flu prevention can include: staying away from
people who seem to be sick with the flu, washing
hands constantly, etc.
Masks also can be worn to prevent inhaling germs,
but may not prevent all germs from entering the
body.
PREVENTION
Prevention: Slowing the Spread of Pandemic Disease
There is no foolproof method for preventing the spread of disease during an influenza outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic.
Although a vaccine is not likely to be available at first, today it is easier to produce specific vaccines more quickly than
in the past. Once a vaccine becomes available, certain individuals and groups will be vaccinated first. If mass
vaccination clinics become available in your community, be prepared to provide medical information about your family.
In addition to vaccinations, you can take other prevention steps like these.
Wash your hands often with soap and water. If these are not available, use an alcohol-based hand cleaner or gel sanitizer. If
using a gel, rub your hands until they become dry.
Avoid touching your mouth, nose, or eyes with your hands unless you've just washed your hands.
When you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue. Then throw the tissue in the trash. Wash your hands
afterward.
Avoid crowded places as much as you can and stay home if you show signs of illness.
Depending on the severity of the pandemic, consider wearing a face mask if you must go into a crowded area or be within 6
feet of others.
Consider wearing a face mask if you must come into close contact with an infected person.
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