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COURSE OVERVIEW
WATER
HYDRAULICS, HYDROLOGY,
WATERQUALITY,
WATER POLLUTION,
DRINKING WATER PURIFICATION,
STORMWATER,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SOLIDS
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
AIR
AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL
NOISE
NOISE POLLUTION AND CONTROL
MAN –MADE MATERIALS
THAT ENTER A HOME
•HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS (DETERGENTS,
CLOTHES, FOODS, ETC.)
•POTABLE WATER (CITY OR WELL WATER)
•ENERGY (GAS,OIL, AND ELECTRICITY)
(ASBESTOS/LEADS/ETC.)
NATURAL ELEMENTS
THAT ENTER A HOME
RODENTS, INSECT, HUMANS,
STORMWATER, AIR, ETC.
MAN –MADE MATERIALS
THAT EXIT A HOME
•SOLID WASTE/POLLUTANTS (LANDFILL)
•SEWAGE AND SEPTIC SYSTEMS
•CARBON MONOXIDE, OIL POLLUTANTS
NATURAL ELEMENTS
THAT EXIT A HOME
•COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
•STORM DRAINAGE
MAN –MADE MATERIALS
THAT ENTER COMMERCIAL FACTORY
•RAW MATERIALS (METALS, PLASTIC,
RUBBER, ETC.)
•ENERGY (GAS,OIL, ETC.)
•EQUIPMENT
(TRUCKS, GENERATORS, ETC)
MAN –MADE MATERIALS
THAT EXIT COMMERCIAL FACTORY
•AIR POLLUTION
•NOISE POLLUTION
•SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE
(BY PRODUCTS -I.E. SILICA FUMES,
SOLVENTS- VINYL CHLORIDES, ETC. )
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS RELATED
TO AUTOMOBILES
•CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
(NITROUS OXIDE-global warming)
•CARBON MONOXIDE
•MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether)
reduces CO and increase Octane
Carcinogen in groundwater
• Rubber Tires are a solid waste
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
AIR
Acid
Rain
LAND
WATER
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES -PATHOGENS
microscopic organism that cause diseases
Human Contact
Communicable Disease .vs. Noninfectious Disease
•Infectious Disease[communicable] -person to
person transmitted (refer to text pp. 7)
Water and Food Borne
•Typhoid Fever, dysentery, cholera, infectious
hepatitis, and gastroenteritis
epidemic- # of occurrences are above normal
endemic - habitually present
Insect and Animal Borne
•Malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis
•Rabies, typhus, and bubonic plague
Communicable Disease .vs. Noninfectious Disease
•Noninfectious Disease (refer to text pp. 9)
Heavy Metals - Carcinogenic
•Leads – Leads to blindness, kidney disease,
mental retardation
(i.e. paint, gasoline, lead pipes, solder, and
batteries)
•Mercury –leads to blindness, paralysis, and death
(i.e. batteries, dry cells, light bulbs, etc)
Note: Micro-organisms can convert mercury into
organic mercury-containing substances
i.e. Methylmercury is digested by plankton(p.111),
which then enters the food chain.
Non- infectious diseases (cont)
•PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl)
(i.e. electrical transformers fluid, coolants,
paints,etc.)
•DDT (pesticide)
•Superfund Site – Love Canal
Niagara Falls, N.Y. - Waste chemical drums were
buried and leaked causing cancer,birth defects,
kidney disease, etc.
•PCE (Perchloroethylene) commonly used in Dry
Cleaners will eventually break down into Vinyl
Chlorides (highly toxic material)
Question
What category does the “Mad Cow” fall into?
AEROBIC .vs. ANAEROBIC
Aerobic Decomposition – is decomposition in the
presence of oxygen (i.e. microorganisms that need
oxygen (aerobes) will decompose complex
organic molecules. (odor is not a problem)
Non-Aerobic Decomposition – is decomposition
with the lack of oxygen (i.e. microorganisms that
don’t need oxygen (anaerobes) will decompose
complex organic molecules producing methane,
ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile organic
acids. (odor is a problem- putrefaction)
Soils
SOILS
GEOLOGY-ORIGIN OF SOILS
PROPERTIES OF SOILS
•ITS PARAMETER
•ITS BEHAVIOR
•OTHER ASPECTS
CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS • ENVIRONMENTAL
• GEOTECHNICAL
• AGRICULTURAL
NOTE: MAIN FOCUS IS
GEOENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY
STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH
IT CONSIST OF
•ROCKS
•SOIL
•WATER
DEFINITIONS
Rocks -minerals bonded by strong attractive
forces
Soils - are a particulate material due to the
disintegration of Rock
•ROCKS
- IGNEOUS
- SEDIMENTARY
- METAMORPHIC
INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.)
DEFINITIONS:
IGNEOUS- COOLING AND HARDENING
OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA
(I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES)
ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC)
I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SEDIMENTARY -ACCUMULATED
DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR
REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS
THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER
PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE,
SANDSTONE,ETC)
CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED
OR STRATIFIED APPEARANCE
I.E. SHALE IS A HARDENING OF CLAYS
AND SILTS
(GOOD FOUNDATION MATERIAL)
INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.)
METAMORPHIC-EXISTING ROCK CHANGES
UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND
PLASTIC FLOW
I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE,
SHALE TO SCFUST
(IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS))
WEATHERING FOR EXAMPLE CHANGES
A SCHIST TO A SILT-SAND MIXTURE
WITH MICA
INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.)
Important Soil Properties
Effective Size – D10
D60
Uniformity Coefficient – D
10
Well Graded .vs. Poorly Graded – SW .vs. SP
Permeability/Porosity/Infiltration/Percolation
(specifies sand filters for wastewater treatment)
Federal Regulatory Agencies
OSHA – (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration) U.S. Dept. of Labor
Regulatory Agency with Standards covering:
•Storage Handling of Volatile Substances
(i.e. Petroleum products)
•Asbestos & Leads in Construction
•Respiratory Protection,etc.
USEPA– (Environmental Protection
Agency) see www.epa.gov
State Regulatory Agencies
DEP/DEC– (Department of Environmental
Protection/Conservation)
(i.e. NYSDEC, NJDEP)
NJEPA – for the state of New Jersey
Note: There is a NYCDEP for the city of New York
for local ordinances
Legislation that effects Construction
NEPA- National Environmental Policy Act
•Requires That an Environmental Impact Study
Be Performed Prior to Construction.
•NEPA is the basic national charter for
protection of the environment. It establishes
policy, sets goals, and provides means for
carrying out the policy. (1969)
CWA-Clean Water Act (1970)
CAA -Clean Air Act (1977)
CERCLA or Superfund -Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (1980)
OSHA-The Occupational Safety and Health Act
(1970)
RCRA -The Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (1976)
Note: The more stringent laws between the
State and Federal statues governs the project.
Permits
NPDES- National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System
Before a new wastewater treatment plant can be
constructed, its proposed discharge must be
authorized under a NJPDES permit.
Standards
Air Quality – Clean Air Act -CAA(1977)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for:
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Lead (Pb)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Ozone
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) – from Auto Emissions
Radon
Standards (cont)
Water Quality – Safe Drinking Water Act -SDWA
Regulates the quality of water we consume
•Bacteria – Coliform Bacteria is an Indicator of
Sanitary, Sewage, and Animal Waste
•Viruses
•Fungi
•Hardness
•Iron
•Acid Rain – it drops the PH of water
(normal range 6-8.5)
Hazardous Communication Act- This law
requires that employers provide information
on hazardous chemicals to employees who
may be exposed to such chemicals in their
workplace. (Right-to-Know Program)
Worker Level
•All containers must be inventoried and
labeled
•Material Safety and Data Sheet(MSDS) –
Summarizes all chemicals and percentages
Community Level
All industries must inventory and disclose
types and quantities annually of Hazardous
Substance.