Download HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

HUMAN HEALTH AND
DISEASES
HEALTH
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Defined as a state of complete physical,
mental and social well- being of a person.
Healthy people are efficient at work. This
increases productivity and economic
prosperity.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
HEALTH
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Balanced diet
Personal hygiene
Regular exercise
Good habits
HOW TO ACHIEVE GOOD
HEALTH ?
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Knowledge about diseases, their cause and
effect
Vaccination/ immunisation
Control of vectors
Proper disposal of waste
Consumption of clean food and water
Maintenance of hygiene
INFECTIOUS DISEASE TYPES
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Sl. No. Causal agent
Diseases
1
virus
Common cold, polio, measles
2
bacteria
3
protozoa
Typhoid, pneumonia, plague,
diphtheria, tetanus
Malaria, amoebiasis
4
fungi
ringworm
5
helminthes
Ascariasis, filariasis, taeniasis
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY
INNATE
ACQUIRED
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INNATE IMMUNITY
BARRIERS
PHYSICAL
CYTOKININ
BARRIER
CELLULAR
PHYSIO
LOGICAL
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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Acquired after birth
Pathogen specific
Present only in vertebrates
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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Specificity- ability to distinguished many
different foreign molecule
Memory
Capacity to distinguish self and nonself
molecules/ cells
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Acquired immunity
Humoral /
antibody mediated
immunity
Cell mediated
immunity
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
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Consists of antibodies in body fluids.
Produced by B- lymphocytes in response to
antigen.
Collectively antibodies called
immunoglobulins.
Types of immunoglobulins- Ig A, Ig D, Ig E,
Ig M, Ig G.
ANTIBODY
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Has 4 polypeptide chains
Held together in the form of ‘Y’
Tips of upper 2 arms bind to antigen and
form antigen-antibody complex.
Two chains are long (heavy or H) and 2 are
short Light or L) chains.
So the antibody referred to as H2L2.
AN ANTIBODY MOLECULE
ANTIBODY MOLECULE
ANTIBODY MOLECULE
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
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Mediated by T lymphocytes
Two groups of lymphocytes- cytotoxic/ killer
T cells and helper T cells.
Killer T cells kill specific target cell by various
mechanisms.
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
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Helper T cells activate specific B cells to
produce antibodies.
T lymphocytes responsible for graft rejection.
ACTIVE VS PASIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Antibodies develop by our Antibodies develop in
own cells.
other vertebrates and
injected into our body.
Takes time to develop
Response is faster.
immunity.
Stays for longer period.
Stays for short period.
E.g. immunity developed E.g. immunity to infants in
due to natural exposure to colostrums, tetanus
antigen or by vaccination. antitoxin
IMMUNE RESPONSE
Primary immune response Immunity developed in the body due to first
encounter with an antigen.
 Takes longer time to develop
 It is feeble and declines rapidly.
Secondary immune response Produced by memory cells, formed during primary
response.
 Heightened immune response in a shorter time.
 Stays for longer time.
VACCINATION AND
IMMUNISATION
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Based on memory of immune system.
Generates antibodies that neutralise toxin or
pathogen.
Produce memory cells.
ALLERGY
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Hypersensitive reaction of the immune
system to certain antigens of environment.
Allergen is the substance that cause allergy.
The antibodies produced in response to
allergen is Ig E type.
Common symptoms- sneezing, watery eyes,
rashes, running nose, difficulty in breathing.
LYMPHOID ORGAN
Lymphoid organ
primary
secondary
Bone marrow
thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes, tonsils
AIDS-TRANSMISSION
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By sexual contact with the infected person.
Transfusion of contaminated blood.
Sharing infected needles.
Infected mother to child through placenta.
HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS
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Who multiple sexual partner
Drug addict (taking drugs intravenously)
Repeated blood transfusion persons
Children born to an infected woman
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
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Virus enters into the body, enters macrophages.
RNA of virus replicates into DNA by reverse
transcriptage.
Viral DNA incorporates with cell DNA.
Infected macrophage cell produce virus particles.
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
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Virus then enters helper T cells, replicates and
form progeny viruses.
Progeny viruses attack other T cells, thus no. of T
cells decrease in blood.
The person is unable to protect himself/herself
from infection.
PREVENTION OF AIDS
NACO and NGO are trying to educate people
about AIDS.
Steps taken by WHO Use of disposal needles
 Checking blood for HIV
 Free distribution of condoms and advocating safe
sex
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PREVENTION OF AIDS
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Controlling drug abuse
Regular checkup for HIV in susceptible
populations
Diagnosing AIDS by ELISA test
Treatment with anti- retroviral drugs( partially
effective)
CANCER- CAUSES
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Due to physical, chemical and biological
agents which bring about uncontrolled
proliferation of cells.
Physical carcinogen – UV ray, X ray, gamma
ray
Chemical carcinogen – aniline rays, chemicals
of tobacco
Tumor viruses (oncogenic virus)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CANCER CELLS
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Breaking down of regulatory mechanism
which control normal cell growth.
So, uncontrolled cell division and
differention.
Do not show contact inhibition.
Show metastasis
TYPES OF TUMOUR
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BENIGN
Remain confined in
their original location
Do not spread
Cause little damage
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MALIGNANT
Proliferating cells, grow
rapidly.
Cells show metastasis
Cause more damage
DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
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Biopsy and histopathological studies of tissue
Blood and bone marrow test (for leukemia)
MRI, CT scan or radiography
Use of antibodies against cancer specific
antigen
TREATMENT OF CANCER
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Surgery
Radio therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
DRUGS
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Kinds of drugs
Opioids
Cannabinoids
Coca-alkanoids
Barbiturates
Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
LSD
PREVENTION OF DRUGS
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Avoid undue peer pressure
Educating and counseling to face problems,
stress, to accept failure etc
Help from parents and peers
Professional and medical help
THIS PRESENTATION WAS BROUGHT
TO YOU BY:
"The belief in a thing makes it happen."
- Frank Lloyd Wright