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The Meadows School Ancient History Study Guide Early Middle Ages Mr. Knutsen Major Themes in the Early Middle Ages 1. Christianity and AssimilationThrough drawing connections between pagan peoples cultures and Christianity, Christian missionaries attempted to make Christianity less “alien” 2. Supernaturalism vs. Rationalism At this time there was a lot of supernaturalism going on in the sense that people were very superstitious and people were not rational and believed in everyday miracles 3. Monasticism (social role and different types) Eremitical- Isolated monastic lives Coenobitic- More communal monastic lives were people lived together and interacted with outside world 4. Christianity and Women At first women were very important in Christianity because of they were the first converts and were usually relatively wealthy, so they were the ones who provided financial backing 5. Germanic Society (family and social life) Society was arranged in a very hierarchal society which looked like this: Political Unit Tribe Clan Group Kingroup (Clan) Kingroup (Clan) Kingroup (Clan) Nuclear Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Head Head Male Head Male Head Male Head Male Head Male Head Male 6. Byzantine Empire as “Protector of European Development” The Byzantine Empire was the only thing besides the Muslims keeping the Mongols out of Europe 7. Byzantine Intellectual Accomplishments The Byzantine Empire discovered nothing new, but Greek Fire which it in itself was a modified version of an ancient weapon. What they did do was preserve the many books and manuscripts from destruction 8. History of Constantinople Constantinople was built under Constantine’s rule on top of Byzantium and had the most formable fortifications in the world at the time Major Events Battle of AdrianopoleFought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, nonGothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern. The battle took place about 8 miles or 13 kilometers north of Adrianople (modern Edirne in European Turkey, near 4/30/2017 Page 1 of 3 The Meadows School Early Middle Ages Ancient History Study Guide Mr. Knutsen the border with Greece and Bulgaria) in the Roman province of Thracia and ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths. Conversion of ClovisClovis was converted by the Roman Catholic church after seeing God’s power help him win a almost absolute lose Council of ChalcedonThe Council of Chalcedon repudiated the idea that Jesus had only one nature, a heresy now known as monophysitism, and stated that Christ has two natures in one person. The Chalcedonian Creed describes the "full humanity and full divinity" of Jesus, the second person of the Holy Trinity. The council also issued 27 disciplinary canons governing church administration and authority. In the famous 28th canon passed by the council, the bishops sought to raise the See of Constantinople (New Rome) in stature, claiming that Constantinople enjoyed honor and authority similar to that of the See of (older) Rome. Pope Leo's legate opposed the canon but in 453 Leo confirmed all the canons, except the 28th. Council of NicaeaIn this council major decisions were made over which books would be kept in the Bible and which ones wouldn’t Establishment of Monte Cassini- It grew after Saint Benedict was convinced to serve as their leader Iconoclastic ControversyThis was a theological dispute over if there should be images or icons of Saints or God Justinian CodeA revised version of Roman law put together by Justinian himself Rule of Saint BenedictA book written by Saint Benedict giving simple guidelines to how to live a monastic life Sacking of RomeRome was sacked by a group of barbarians led by a former barbarian chieftain who served under Romans as auxiliary troop head and was later disrespected by not being given a promotion SchismA series of great theological disputes that divided the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church Cast of Characters Bishop Ambrose of MilanCassiodorusClothildClovis- Frankish leader who by converting to Christianity, made all the Franks Christian Constantine- First Christian Emperor of Rome and builder of Constantinople Franks- Group of barbarians who lived in Northern Gaul and eventually occupied all of France and most of east Germany Cyril- Converter of Russian people and creator of Cyrillic alphabet Foederati- Early in the history of the Roman Republic, a foederatus identified one of the tribes bound by treaty (foedus), who were neither Roman colonies nor had they been granted Roman citizenship (civitas) but were expected to provide a contingent of fighting men when trouble arose, thus were allies. The Latini tribe were considered blood allies, but the rest were federates or socii Gregory of Tours- He wrote in an ungrammatical and barbarized style of late Latin; however, it has been argued that this was a deliberate ploy to ensure his works would reach a wide audience. He is the main contemporary source for Merovingian history 4/30/2017 Page 2 of 3 The Meadows School Early Middle Ages Ancient History Study Guide Mr. Knutsen Justinian- Emperor of the Byzantine Empire and biggest expander of Byzantine territory Lombards- Barbarians who eventually took control of Italy St. Augustine of Hippo- believed that the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom and framed the concepts of original sin and just war. When the Roman Empire in the West was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God (in a book of the same name) distinct from the material City of Man. His thought profoundly influenced the medieval worldview. Augustine's City of God was closely identified with the church, and was the community which worshipped God. St. Benedict- was a saint from Italy, the founder of Western Christian monasticism, and a rule-giver for coenobitic monks St. John Chrysostom- known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, and his ascetic sensibilities St. Martin of Tours- Around his name much legendary material accrued and he has become one of the most familiar and recognizable Christian saints. He is considered a spiritual bridge across Europe, given his association with both France and Hungary. St. Patrick- Converter of Ireland and later head religious leader of Ireland St. Paul (Paul of Tarsus)- The jump starter of Christianity and made it a religion of its own not a Jewish sect St. Peter- after his name in Hellenized Aramaic was a leader of the early Christian Church, who features prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. Peter was the son of John, and was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee St. Valentine- Of the Saint Valentine whose feast is on February 14, nothing is known except his name and that he was buried at the Via Flaminia north of Rome on February 14. It is even uncertain whether the feast of that day celebrates only one saint or more saints of the same name. Pope Gelasius I- He was the alleged third and last pope of disputable African origin in the Roman Catholic Church, Gelasius was a prolific writer whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Pope Gregory I- Gregory is well-known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope Pope Innocent I- whom he was called by the unanimous voice of the clergy and laity to succeed his father as pope Sassanid Empire- Persian Empire between China and the Byzantine/ Roman Empire Tertullian- was a prolific and controversial early Christian Berber author and the first to wrbitchite Christian Latin literature Theodosius- the Roman Emperor who made Christianity official in the Roman Empire Theodora of Constantinople- Justinian’s wife who was a great political asset in running the empire Valens- he was given the Eastern part of the empire by his brother Vandals- the Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Goth leader Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals as well as with the Burgundians and the Franks under Clovis I Visigoths- Barbarian tribe of Southern Gaul/ Spain who swept through Europe 4/30/2017 Page 3 of 3