Download The Circulatory System

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The Circulatory System
Human Biology 11
Ms. Bowie
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
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Learning Outcomes
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Describe the structure of the heart and the function of each part.
Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
List the most common heart sounds and what events produce
them.

List the different types of blood vessels and describe the functions
of each.

Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic
circulation.

List the different types of blood vessels and describe the functions
of each.

Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic
circulation.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

List and describe the components of blood.

Give the functions of red blood cells, the white blood
cells, and platelets.

List the substances normally found in plasma.

Explain how bleeding is controlled.
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Explain the differences among blood types A, B, AB, and
O.

Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments
of various diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular
system.
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Part 1
HEART STRUCTURES
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Introduction

The circulatory system consists of heart (a pump)
and blood vessels (tubes)

Blood is sent to:
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Lungs for oxygen
Digestive system for nutrients
Every cell of the body to deliver “products”
It also circulates waste products to certain organ
systems for removal from the blood
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The Heart: Structures

The heart is an organ
about the size of a
loose fist

Located slightly left of
the midline
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The Heart: Structures (cont.)

The Heart has 4 chambers
 Two atria
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Upper chambers
Left and right
Separated by a septum

Two ventricles
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Lower chambers
Left and right
Separated by a septum
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The Heart Valves: Structures (cont.)
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Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the right atrium when the right ventricle
contracts
Mitral valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
Pulmonary valve – prevents blood from flowing
back into the right ventricle
Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the left ventricle
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Part 2
PULMONARY SYSTEM OF
CIRCULATION
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The Heart: Blood Flow
Deoxygenated
blood in from
body
Oxygenated
blood out to
body
Oxygenated
blood in lungs
Deoxygenated
blood out
to lungs
Atria Contract
Ventricles Contract
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The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.)
The pulmonary system explains the flow of blood through the heart & lungs. It does
not include the rest of the body.
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Part 3
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION OF
THE BLOOD
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Blood Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles

Carry blood away
from the heart

Strongest of the blood
vessels

Under high pressure

Arterioles
 Small branches of
arteries

Aorta
 Takes blood from the
heart to the body
 Gives an extra “push”
Coronary arteries
 Supply blood to heart
muscle
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
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Blood Vessels: Veins and Venules

Blood under no pressure in
veins
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Moves blood BACK to
the heart
Low pressure means that the
blood needs help to get back
to the heart
Muscle contractions in the
body help move blood
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Venules
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Small vessels formed when
capillaries merge
Superior and inferior vena
cava

Largest veins

Carry blood into right atrium
Valves in the veins prevent
backflow
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Blood Vessels: Capillaries
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Tiniest branches of arterioles
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Smallest type of blood vessel
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Connect arterioles to venules
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Only about one cell layer thick
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Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into
a body cell

Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of
a body cell into a capillary
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle

The systemic circulation describes the flow of blood through
the vessels that supply the body. It does not include the lungs.
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Part 4
HEART BEAT
CARDIAC RHYTHM
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The Heart: Heart Sounds

One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb
and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut

Lubb – First sound
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When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and mitral
valves snap shut
Dubb – Second sound

When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic
valves snap shut
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Part 5
COMPOSITION OF THE
BLOOD
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Blood Composition
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Blood

A tissue made up of:
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Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
White blood cells
(leukocytes)
Platelets – cell
fragments
Plasma – fluid part of
blood
Average-sized adult has
4 to 6 liters of blood
Amount depends on:
 Size of person
 Amount of fat tissue
 Gender - females have
less than males
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Blood Components: Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes
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Another name for red blood cells
Transports oxygen throughout the body
Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs
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Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen; bright red
Deoxyhemoglobin does not carry oxygen; darker red
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Carries carbon dioxide
Blood is NEVER actually blue!
Anemia
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Is a condition where a person has a low red blood cell count
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Blood Components: Platelets

Platelets form sticky nets that are important
in the blood clotting process.
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Blood Components: Plasma
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Liquid portion of blood
composed mostly of water
Proteins
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Pull water in to the blood
help maintain blood
pressure
Globulins – transport fats
and vitamins
Fibrinogen – the “glue” that
holds platelets together and
are needed for blood clotting
Nutrients
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Albumins
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Amino acids
Glucose
Nucleotides
Lipids from the digestive
tract
Gases – oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and nitrogen
Electrolytes
Waste products
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Part 6
BLOOD TYPES
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Blood Types
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Types are distinguished
by antigen (“think – gang
colours”) and antibodies
There are 4 main types:
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Antigen A (Type A blood)
Antigen B (Type B blood)
Combination A + B (AB)
(Type AB blood)
No Antigens at all
(called O Type)
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Blood Types (cont.)
Blood Type
Antigen
Present
Antibody
Present
(Gang colours)
(attackers)
People with this
blood type can
receive:
A
A
B
Types A and O
B
B
A
Types B and O
AB
AB
None
ALL Blood Types
A and B
A, B, AB, and O
Only Type O
O
None
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Part 7
HEART DISEASE
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
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Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System
Disease
Anemia
Description
Aneurysm
The blood does not have enough red blood cells
or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of
oxygen to the body’s cells
A ballooned, weakened arterial wall
Arrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms
Carditis
Inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the innermost lining of the
heart, including valves
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Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease
Description
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the membranes that surround
the heart (pericardium)
Congestive
Heart Failure
Weakening of the heart over time; heart is
unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s
needs
Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries
Disease (CAD) caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits
within the arteries
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Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease
Description
Hypertension
High blood pressure; consistent resting blood
pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg
Leukemia
Bone marrow produces a large number of
abnormal WBCs
Murmurs
Abnormal heart sounds
Myocardial
Infarction
Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a
lack of blood supply
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Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease
Description
Sickle Cell
Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change
to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in
capillaries
Thalassemia
Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin
chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein
Varicose Veins
Twisted, dilated veins
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Apply Your Knowledge
The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How
would you explain this to the her?
ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does not
have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood to
carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.
Bravo!
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In Summary
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Circulatory system
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Transport system for body
Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Blood
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Transport medium
RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved