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Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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ABO system
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Antigen—substance that can activate immune
system
Antibody—substance made by body in response to
stimulation by an antigen
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Blood types
 Type A blood—type A self-antigens in RBCs; anti-B
type antibodies in plasma
 Type B blood—type B self-antigens in RBCs; anti-A
type antibodies in plasma
 Type AB blood—type A and type B self-antigens in
RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
“Universal Recipient”
 Type O blood—no type A or type B self-antigens in
RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
“Universal Donor”
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Rh-positive blood—Rh factor antigen present in
RBCs
Rh-negative blood—no Rh factor present in RBCs; no
anti-Rh antibodies present naturally in plasma; antiRh antibodies, however, appear in the plasma of Rhnegative persons if Rh-positive RBCs have been
introduced into their bodies
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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The heart is the pump that keeps blood moving
through a closed circuit of blood vessels.
The heart is located between the lungs in the lower
portion of the mediastinum.
Let’s practice drawing the imaginary line
mentioned on page 302
What does cardio- mean?
What does myo- mean?
What shape is the heart often described as being?
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Chambers
2 upper chambers: R/L Atria
 2 Lower Chambers: R/L Ventricles
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Wall
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Cardiac Muscle: Myocardium
Lining
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Epithelial lining: Endocardium,
includes cardiac valves
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Is the heart hollow or solid??
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Atria are often referred to as receiving
chambers because blood enters the heart
through veins that open into these upper
cavities.
Ventricles are referred to as discharging
chambers because blood that is pumped into
the heart exits from the ventricles.
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Endocarditis-inflammation of the endocardium
which lines each chamber of the heart.
What can endocarditis cause?
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Pericardium
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2-layered fibrous sac
 Lubricated space between layers
 Inner layer: Visceral Pericardium
(Epicardium)
 Outer layer: Parietal Pericardium
 Inflammation: Pericarditis
 Fluid buildup in pericardial space:
Pericardial effusion
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Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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The pericardium fits around the heart like a
loose fitting sack, allowing enough room for
the heart to beat.
How can you remember the difference between
the endocardium and the epicardium?
What does endo mean?
What does epi mean?
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Relaxation: Diastole
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Contraction: Systole
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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When the heart beats (systole), this means it is
contracting.
The atria contract first-forcing blood into the
ventricles.
Once they are filled, the two ventricles contract,
and force blood out of the heart.
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Four valves—Keep blood
flowing; prevent backflow
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Right atrioventricular:
Tricuspid
 Between R atrium and ventricle
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Left atrioventricular: Mitral
(Bicuspid)
 Between L atrium and ventricle
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Right Semilunar: Pulmonic
 At beginning of Pulmonary Artery
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Left Semilunar: Aortic
 At beginning of Aorta
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Two sounds in each
cycle: “Lub-Dub”
S1 (First Heart Sound):
Closure of A/V valves at
beginning of systole
 S2 (Second Heart Sound):
Closure of semilunar valves
at beginning of diastole
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What is used to measure
the heart sound? (picture)
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Heart is 2 separate
pumps:
Right side—pumps
deoxygenated blood
to lungs; low
pressure side
 Left side—pumps
oxygenated blood to
body; high pressure
side
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Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Venous blood enters R Atrium
from Sup. and Inf. Vena
Cavae
Passes from RA through
Tricuspid valve to R Ventricle
From RV through Pulmonic
(semilunar) valve to
Pulmonary artery to lungs
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Blood from lungs enters L
Atrium from Pulmonary
Veins
From LA, passes through
Mitral Valve (bicuspid) to
L Ventricle
From LV, passes through
Aortic (semilunar) valve to
Aorta and out to body
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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The heart muscle, or myocardium, requires a
constant supply of blood containing nutrients
and oxygen to function effectively
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Blood supplying oxygen and nutrients to
cardiac muscle flows through R and L
Coronary Arteries
Blockage of flow through Coronary AA
causes heart attack: Myocardial Infarction,
which is also known as a ________________.
Buildup of fatty deposits on the inner wall of
arteries can cause flow blockage:
Atheroscleosis
Chest pain due to heart hypoxia: Angina
Pectoris
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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What is the treatment for those who suffer
from severely restricted coronary artery blood
flow??
How does this procedure work?
What is the procedure in which a device is
inserted into a blood vessel to open a channel
for blood flow?
Page 307
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Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Each complete heartbeat is called a cardiac
cycle.
It includes the contraction and relaxation of
atria and ventricles.
Each cycle takes about ____ seconds to
complete if the heart is beating at an average
rate of 72 beats per minute.
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Stroke volume-the volume of blood ejected
from the ventricles during each beat.
Cardiac output-the volume of blood pumped
by one ventricle per minute, which averages
about 5L in a normal, resting adult.
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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All of the cardiac muscle fibers in each region
of the heart are electrically linked together.
There are four structures embedded in the
wall of the heart that generate strong
impulses and conduct them rapidly to certain
regions in the heart wall.
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sinoatrial node-pacemaker
Atriventricular node
AV Bundle
Purkinje fibers
Conduction starts in the SA node. From there it
goes to the AV node. Spreads to the bundle of
HIS and Purkinje fibers to the ventricles which
cause them to contract.
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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An electrical device that causes ventricular
contractions at a rate enough to maintain an
adequate circulation of blood.
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Heart—ECG (EKG)
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Specialized conduction
system structures
generate and transmit
the electrical impulses
that result in contraction
of the heart
These tiny electrical
impulses can be picked
up on the surface of the
body and transformed
into visible tracings by
an electrocardiograph
See page 312 for more
information
Copyright
© 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Arteries: Distribute nutrients, gases, etc. with
movement of blood under high pressure; assist
in maintaining arterial blood pressure
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Veins: Collect blood for return to the heart;
low-pressure vessels
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Arterioles
Venules
Capillaries: Serve as exchange vessels for
nutrients, wastes, and fluids
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Arteries
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Capillaries
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Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Tunica Intima
Veins
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Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Portal Vein
connects 2
capillary
beds—
Unusual!
Helps to
control blood
glucose levels
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
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Before birth, must bypass
lungs; oxygen and nutrients
come from placenta
Umbilical Vein; 2 Umbilical
Arteries
Ductus Venosus: bypasses
liver
Foramen Ovale: opening
between RA and LA
Ductus Arteriosus:
Connects aorta and
pulmonary artery
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
• Blood pressure is the
push or force of blood
in the blood vessels
• Highest in arteries,
lowest in veins
• Blood pressure
gradient causes blood
to circulate—liquids
can flow only from
areas of higher
pressure to lower
pressure
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
• Blood volume, heartbeat, and viscosity are main
factors that affect blood pressure
• Blood pressure varies within a normal range from time
to time
• Venous return of blood to the heart depends on five
mechanisms—a strongly beating heart, adequate
arterial blood pressure, valves in the veins, pumping
action of skeletal muscles as they contract, and
changing pressures in the chest cavity caused by
breathing
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
• Pulse: alternate expansion
and recoil of the blood
vessel wall
• Places where you can feel
the pulse:
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superficial temporal artery
facial artery
carotid artery
axillary artery
brachial artery
radial artery
femoral artery
popliteal (posterior to
patella)
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC
 dorsalis pedis
Ask ME or ask your
classmates!!
Copyright © 2010, Grant Iannelli, DC