Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Management of acute coronary syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Coronary artery disease wikipedia , lookup
Cardiac surgery wikipedia , lookup
Myocardial infarction wikipedia , lookup
Quantium Medical Cardiac Output wikipedia , lookup
Antihypertensive drug wikipedia , lookup
Lutembacher's syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Atrial septal defect wikipedia , lookup
Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries wikipedia , lookup
BIOLOGY Chapter 32: pp. 593 - 612 10th Edition Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sylvia S. Mader Circulation & Cardiovascular Systems Leukemia SEM 5,270 × (Normal): © Yorgos Nikas/Getty Images; (Leukemia): © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 1 Outline Transport in Invertebrates Open versus Closed Circulatory Systems Transport in Vertebrates Transport in Humans Heartbeat Vascular Pathways Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Disorders Blood Components Clotting 2 Transport in Invertebrates Small aquatic animals with no circulatory system Roundworms and other pseudocoelomates May rely on external water in gastrovascular cavity to service cells Use a fluid-filled body cavity as a means of transporting substances Fluid-filled cavity can also act as a hydrostatic skeleton Animals that have a rigid skeleton May still rely on body fluids for the purpose of locomotion Bivalves pump hemolymph into the foot for digging into mud 3 Aquatic Organisms Without a Circulatory System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. food undigested waste products mouth enzymes gastrovascular cavity food nutrient uptake by endocytosis a. Hydra 7× b. Flatworm coelomic fluid c. Red sea star, Mediastar a: © CABISCO/Visuals Unlimited; b: © B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; c: © Randy Morse, GoldenStateImages.com; 4 Open vs. Closed Invertebrate Circulation Two types of circulatory fluids: Blood - contained within blood vessels Hemolymph - flows into hemocoel Open Circulatory System Heart pumps hemolymph via vessels Vessels empty into tissue spaces Closed Circulatory System Heart pumps blood to capillaries Gases and materials diffuse to and from nearby cells Vessels return blood to heart without it contacting tissues 5 Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. dorsal tubular aorta ostia heart heart ventral blood vessel dorsal blood vessel lateral vessel ostia valve pump pump hemolymph hemocoel a. Open circulatory system b. Closed circulatory system 6 Transport in the Vertebrates All vertebrates have a closed cardiovascular system Vertebrate heart: Atrial chamber(s) of heart receive blood from general circulation Ventricle chamber(s) of heart pump blood out through blood vessels Vertebrate vessels: Arteries - Carry blood away from heart Arterioles – Lead to capillaries Capillaries - Exchange materials with tissue fluid Venules - Lead to veins Veins - Return blood to heart 7 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Transport in Vertebrates Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Outer layer Middle layer Inner layer fibrous connective tissue smooth elastic muscle tissue endothelium a. Artery endothelium b. Capillary Outer layer Middle layer Inner layer fibrous connective tissue smooth elastic muscle tissue endothelium closed valve c. Vein 9 Anatomy of a Capillary Bed Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. artery arteriole O2-rich blood flow precapillary sphincter arteriovenous shunt venule O2-poor blood flow vein 10 Comparison of Circulatory Circuits in Vertebrates Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. pulmonary capillaries pulmonary capillaries gill capillaries pulmonary circuit pulmonary circuit right atrium ventricle ventricle heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle heart atrium left atrium left ventricle aorta aorta aorta systemic circuit systemic capillaries systemic circuit systemic capillaries systemic capillaries a. b. c. 11 Comparison of Circulatory Pathways Fish - Blood flows in single loop Amphibians - Blood flows in double loop Single atrium and single ventricle Two atria with single ventricle Other vertebrates - Blood flows in a double loop Heart divided by septum into separate sides 12 Transport in Humans Human Heart Fist-sized Cone-shaped Very muscular organ (special cardiac fibers) Lies within a fluid-filled sac (the pericardium) 13 Human Heart: Gross Anatomy Septum separates heart into left & right halves Each half has two chambers Upper two chambers are the atria Thin-walled Receive blood from circulation Lower two chambers are the ventricles Thick-walled Pump blood away from heart 14 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. External Heart Anatomy Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. lung sternum left subclavian artery left common carotid artery brachiocephalic artery superior vena cava aortic arch aorta left pulmonary artery pulmonary trunk left pulmonary veins right pulmonary artery right pulmonary veins b. pericardium heart left atrium left cardiac vein right atrium right coronary artery left ventricle right ventricle Inferior vena cava apex a. b: © SIU/Visuals Unlimited 16 Internal View of the Heart Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. left subclavian artery left common carotid artery brachiocephalic artery superior vena cava aorta cardiac muscle cell mitochondrion intercalated disk left pulmonary artery pulmonary trunk left pulmonary veins right pulmonary artery right pulmonary veins semilunar valve left atrium right atrium atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve gap junction chordae tendineae b. papillary muscles right ventricle septum left ventricle inferior vena cava a. b: © Dr. Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited; 17 Human Heart: Valves Valves open and close to control blood flow through heart Atrioventricular valves Tricuspid Bicuspid Semilunar valves Pulmonary Aortic 18 Transport in Humans Blood returning to heart from systemic circuit Blood returning to heart from pulmonary circuit Enters right atrium Right atrium pumps through tricuspid valve to right ventricle Right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary valve to the pulmonary circuit Enters left atrium Left atrium pumps through mitral valve to left ventricle Left ventricle pumps blood through aortic valve to the systemic circuit Oxygen-poor blood never mixes with oxygen-rich blood (in humans) 19 Heartbeat Systole - Contraction of heart chambers Diastole - Relaxation of heart chambers Pulse - Two-part pumping action that takes about a second Blood collects in atria, the atria contract Second part begins when ventricles fill Pushes blood through tricuspid and mitral valves into the resting lower ventricles This phase (the longer of the two) is called the diastole Ventricles contract This is called systole After blood moves into the pulmonary artery and aorta, the ventricles relax 20 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Stages in the Cardiac Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. aortic semilunar valve semilunar valves close (“dub”) bicuspid valve pulmonary vein semilunar superior valves vena cava aorta left atrium right atrium left ventricle right atrium inferior vena cava c. a. right ventricle pulmonary vein d. aorta atrioventricular (AV) valves close (“lub”) b. represents contraction d: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. 22 Animation Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Conduction System of the Heart Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. R SA node T P AV node Q branches of atrioventricular bundle S b. Normal ECG Purkinje fibers a. c. Ventricular fibrillation d. Recording of an ECG d: © David Joel/MacNeal Hospital/Getty Images 25 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Heartbeat Rhythmic contraction due to cardiac conduction system Sinoatrial node (SA) keeps the heartbeat regular Atrioventricular node (AV) signals ventricles to contract - Purkinje Fibers Electrocardiogram (ECG) A recording of electrical changes that occurring in myocardium during cardiac cycle When SA node triggers an impulse, the atrial fibers produce an electrical charge (P wave) 27 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Vascular Pathways Human cardiovascular system includes two major circular pathways: Pulmonary Circuit Takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart Systemic Circuit Takes blood throughout the body from the aorta to the vena cava 29 Path of Blood Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CO2 head and arms O2 jugular vein (also subclavian vein from arms) carotid artery (also subclavian artery to arms) O2 CO2 O2 CO2 lungs pulmonary artery pulmonary vein superior vena cava aorta heart inferior vena cava hepatic vein mesenteric arteries liver hepatic portal vein renal vein digestive tract renal artery kidneys Iliac vein iliac artery CO2 O2 trunk and legs 30 Velocity and Blood Pressure Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ariteries ariterioles capillaries venules total cross-sectional area of vessels blood pressure Magnitude veins velocity Blood Flow 31 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Cross Section of a Valve in a Vein Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. to heart a. Contracted skeletal muscle pushes blood past open valve. to heart b. Closed valve prevents backward flow of blood. 33 Blood Pressure The beat of the heart supplies pressure that keeps blood moving in the arteries Systolic Pressure results from blood forced into the arteries during ventricular systole Diastolic Pressure is the pressure in the arteries during during ventricular diastole Skeletal muscle contraction pushes blood in the veins toward the heart Blood pressure Normally measured with a sphygmomanometer on the brachial artery Expressed in the form: Systolic “over” Diastolic 34 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Cardiovascular Disorders Hypertension - High blood pressure Atherosclerosis - Accumulation of fatty materials in inner linings of arteries Stroke - Cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus Heart attack – (Myocardial infarction) Coronary artery becomes partially blocked Angina pectoris – Painful squeezing sensation from myocardial oxygen insufficiency 36 Coronary Arteries and Plaque Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. coronary artery ulceration lumen of vessel fat cholesterol crystals atherosclerotic plaque © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. 37 Blood: Homeostasis Functions Transports substances to and from capillaries for exchange with tissue fluid Guards against pathogen invasion Regulates body temperature Buffers body pH Maintain osmotic pressure Clots prevent blood/fluid loss 38 Red Blood Cells Small, biconcave disks Lack a nucleus and contain hemoglobin Hemoglobin contains Four globin protein chains Each associated with an iron-containing heme Manufactured continuously in bone marrow of skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones 39 White Blood Cells Most types larger than red blood cells Contain a nucleus and lack hemoglobin Important in inflammatory response Neutrophils enter tissue fluid and phagocytize foreign material Lymphocytes (T Cells) attack infected cells Antigens cause body to produce antibodies 40 Composition of Blood Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plasma Formed Elements 55% Type Function Type Water (90–92% of plasma) Maintains blood volume; transports molecules Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Plasma proteins (7–8% of plasma) Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH Transport O2 and help transport CO2 Globulins Fibrinogen Number (per mm 3 blood) 4 million–6 million 45% Transport; fight infection Blood clotting Salts (less than 1% of plasma) Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH; aid metabolism Gases (O2and CO2) Cellular respiration Nutrients (lipids, glucose, and amino acids) Food for cells Wastes (urea and uric acid) End product of metabolism; excretion by kidneys Hormones Aid metabolism White blood cells (leukocytes) 5,000–1 1,000 Fight infection Neutrophils Monocytes 4–8% Lymphocytes 40–70% 20–45% Eosinophils Basophils 1–4% 0–1% Platelets (thrombocytes) Aid clotting 150,000–300,000 41 Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Composition of Blood Blood Plasma 46-63% Plasma Protein 7% Water 92% Formed Elements 37-54% Other Solutes 1% Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen Platelets WBC RBC 99.9% Monocytes Eg. Electrolytes Neatrophils Basophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Regulatory Proteins 43 Platelets Platelets Result from fragmentation of megakaryocytes Involved in coagulation Blood clot consists of: Platelets Red blood cells All entangled within fibrin threads 44 Blood Clotting Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. red fibrin blood cell threads platelet plug 1. Blood vessel is punctured. 2. Platelets congregate and form a plug. fibrin threads 3. Fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells. © Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc. 45 Capillary Exchange Capillaries very narrow – Tiny RBCs must go through single file Wall of capillaries very thin to facilitate diffusion of nutrients, gases, and wastes Oxygen and nutrients exit a capillary near the arterial end Carbon dioxide and waste molecules enter a capillary near the venous end 46 Capillary Exchange Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. from heart to heart Arterial end Tissue fluid Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure. Net pressure out. carbon oxygen amino acids glucose dioxide Venous end Osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure. Net pressure in. water wastes water salt arteriole smooth muscle fiber plasma protein osmotic pressure blood pressure venule 47 Capillary Bed Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. precapillary sphincters arteriole tissue fluid lymphatic capillary blood capillary excess tissue fluid lymphatic duct venule 48 Blood Type Determined by the presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) Antigens A, B and Rh (D) Antibodies in the plasma (agglutinins) Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet antibodies 49 Blood Type 50 No Agglutination Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 500× antigen Type A blood of donor no binding anti-B antibody of type A recipient red blood cell no clumping No agglutination 51 Agglutination Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 500× antigen Type A blood of donor binding anti- A antibody of type B recipient clumping Agglutination 52 Blood Type During pregnancy, if the mother is Rh negative and the father is Rh positive, the child may be Rh positive. Rh-positive red blood cells may leak across the placenta The mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies. Antibodies may attack the embryo in a subsequent pregnancy 53 Review Transport in Invertebrates Open versus Closed Circulatory Systems Transport in Vertebrates Transport in Humans Heartbeat Vascular Pathways Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Disorders Blood Components Clotting 54 BIOLOGY Chapter 32: pp. 593 - 612 10th Edition Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sylvia S. Mader Circulation & Cardiovascular Systems Leukemia SEM 5,270× (Normal): © Yorgos Nikas/Getty Images; (Leukemia): © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 55