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VITAL SIGN ASSESSMENT Homeostasis & Pulse HOMEOSTASIS • MAINTAINS A CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT BY COMPENSATING FOR CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN EITHER THE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE BODY • THE BRAIN MONITORS CONDITIONS IN THE BODY AND STIMULATES THE APPROPRIATE BODY SYSTEM TO RESPOND TO ANY ADVERSE CHANGE • EXAMPLE: IF THE BODY DETECTS LOW OXYGEN IT WILL STIMULATE THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO INCREASE THE RESPIRATION RATE UNTIL THE NECESSARY LEVEL OF OXYGEN IS ACHIEVED • ILLNESS AND INJURY CAN AFFECT HOMEOSTASIS VITAL SIGNS & HOMEOSTASTIS • HOMEOSTASIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE BODY SYSTEMS FUNCTION OPTIMALLY WITHIN A NARROW RANGE OF CONDITIONS. • WHEN ILLNESS OR INJURY OCCUR, THE BODY’S ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IS IMPAIRED • THIS IS WHY IT IS ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTAND THE SIGNS OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL BODY FUNCTIONS • VITAL SIGNS ARE USED TO ASSESS THE CONDITIONS OF BODY SYSTEMS VITAL SIGNS • VITAL SIGNS WILL CHANGE AS THE BODY SYSTEMS REACT TO ILLNESS OR INJURY • VITAL SIGNS PARTICULARLY ASSESS THE RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS • THE FIVE BASIC VITAL SIGNS ARE: • PULSE • RESPIRATION • BLOOD PRESSURE • TEMPERATURE • PAIN PULSE RAPID WEAK PULSE: RAPID STRONG PULSE: •SHOCK • HEAT STROKE •BLEEDING • SEVERE FRIGHT •DIABETIC COMA •HEAT EXHAUSTION • PAIN PULSE STRONG SLOW PULSE: NO PULSE: •SKULL FRACTURE •CARDIAC ARREST •STROKE •DEATH PULSE • THE AVERAGE PULSE RATE FOR AN ADULT IS 70 TO 80 BPM. • THE MORE FIT AN INDIVIDUAL IS (ATHLETE) THE LOWER THE PULSE WILL BE. • ELITE ATHLETES MAY HAVE A PULSE AS LOW AS 38 TO 40 BPM. THIS IS BECAUSE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STRENGTHENS THE HEART (CARDIAC) MUSCLE AND PUMPS MORE BLOOD AT ONE TIME. THIS ALLOWS THE HEART TO BEAT FEWER TIMES PER MINUTE WHILE STILL SUPPLYING THE NECESSARY AMOUNT OF OXYGEN TO THE TISSUE AND CELLS OF THE BODY. THE SYSTEM BECOMES MORE EFFICIENT. THE STRENGTHENING OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE MAY CAUSE BRADYCARDIA (HEART BEATS LESS THAN 60 BPM) IN AN ATHLETE. • WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRADYCARDIA AND TACHYCARDIA? PULSE BRADYCARDIA IN AN ATHLETE (ESPECIALLY ELITE ATHLETES) IS A NORMAL CONDITION BECAUSE THE CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS ARE STRONG AND EFFICIENT. WHAT ARE SOME CONDITIONS THAT EXHIBIT BRADYCARDIA, BUT ARE NOT SIGNS OF A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL? • CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (ATHROSCLEROSIS OR ARTERIOSCLEROSIS) • HEART ATTACK • ENDOCARDITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART LINING AND/OR VALVES; CAUSED BY A BACTERIAL INFECTION) • MYOCARDITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE; CAUSED BY A VIRAL INFECTION) • AGING • HYPOTHYROIDISM (SLOWS THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSES OF THE HEART MUSCLE) • ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE (ESPECIALLY TOO MUCH POTASSIUM) • HEART MEDICATIONS (BETA-BLOCKERS USED TO CONTROL CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS AND REDUCE BLOOD PRESSURE) PULSE MOST COMMON PULSE SITES ON THE BODY: • RADIAL ARTERY • CAROTID ARTERY OTHER PULSE SITES ON THE BODY: • TEMPORAL ARTERY: GENERALLY NOT USED • BRACHIAL ARTERY: USED WHEN TAKING BLOOD PRESSURE • FEMORAL ARTERY: USED TO CHECK LEG CIRCULATION • POPLITEAL ARTERY: USED TO CHECK LOWER LEG CIRCULATION • DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY: USED TO CHECK FOOT CIRCULATION PULSE POINTS TEMPORAL ARTERY COROTID ARTERY BRACHIAL ARTERY RADIAL ARTERY FEMORAL ARTERY POPLITEAL ARTERY DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY PULSE WHY CAN A PULSE ONLY BE FELT IN AN ARTERY? •AS THE HEART BEATS, BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE VESSELS IN WAVES, CAUSING A RHYTHMIC THROBBING IN THE ARTERIES •AS BLOOD PASSES TO THE ARTERIOLES AND CAPILLARIES THE FLOW OF THE FLUID DECREASES AND THE THROBBING DISSIPATES. PULSE PROPER HYDRATION IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR AN ATHLETE! WHY DOES BEING DEHYDRATED INCREASE AN ATHLETES PULSE (HEART) RATE? •A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF THE BODY’S FLUID IS FOUND IN THE BLOOD •AS FLUID LEVELS GO DOWN THE VOLUME OF BLOOD DECREASES •IN ORDER TO CIRCULATE THE NECESSARY AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS THE HEART MUST WORK HARDER •THE HEART WORKS HARDER BY WORKING FASTER, INCREASING THE ATHLETE’S PULSE RATE