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Circulatory System Structure and Function The Heart Four Chambers - Right Atrium- deoxygenated blood enters the heart through here - Left Atrium- oxygenated blood enters the heart through here - Right Ventricle- deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through here - Left Ventricle- oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body through here Attached to the heart are the main arteries and veins Valves between the chambers keep blood from flowing the wrong way The Heart Arrows show the direction of bloodflow Remember: Diagrams of the heart are made as if they are facing you. Its left is your right and vice versa. Vessels There are three main types of vessels - Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and then away from the heart - Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart where it is pumped to the lungs to get more oxygen - Capillaries supply blood to tissues and remove waste from them by allowing blood to pass through their walls Vessels Other types of vessels are: • • Arterioles are small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries. They expand and contract to control blood flow Venules drain blood from capillaries into veins so it can be taken to the heart Vessels Important vessels are: The aorta- the main artery which all others branch off of The inferior vena cava and superior vena cavathe veins by which deoxygenated blood enters the heart The pulmonary vein- oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the heart and empties into the left atrium The pulmonary artery- deoxygenated blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs where it gets more oxygen Vessels Red=arteries Blue=veins Blood Composition 55% plasma About 90% water 45% other Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Plateletes Blood Functions Transportation of nutrients, blood cells, and waste Control pH- blood has to remain at a pH of 6.8-7.4, otherwise cells can be damaged Control body temperature Remove toxins from the body- blood delivers waste to the kidneys, which clean it and get rid of the waste by urine or sweat Regulate electrolyte levels Blood Cell specific functions Red Blood Cells contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it White Blood Cells help the immune system Platelets clot to close wounds Red Blood Cells Blood White Blood Cells Platelets Disease and Disorders of the Circulatory System High Blood Pressure/ Hypertension Leukemia Anemia Atherosclerosis Thrombosis High Blood Pressure/ Hypertension Condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is increased. If pressure in arteries is too high, the heart was to work harder to pump blood. Can lead to organ damage, heart attack, stroke, heart failure or aneurysms. Classified as essential or secondary. Essential - High blood pressure where the cause is unknown. Secondary - High blood pressure with a known cause. High Blood Pressure/ Hypertension Causes - Smoking, Obesity, Diabetes, Insufficient calcium, potassium, and magnesium consumption, Vitamin D deficiency, Stress, Aging, Genetics, or Chronic kidney disease. Symptoms - severe headaches, Fatigue, Dizziness, Nausea, Problems with vision, Chest pains, Breathing problems, Irregular heartbeat, or Blood in the urine. Hypertension can be treated with medication, eating healthy and exercise. Leukemia Cancer of the blood. Abnormal production of blood cells, generally white blood cells in bone marrow DNA of new cells are damaged and duplicate very rapidly. Abnormal blood cells accumulate and occupy more and more space. The space that the abnormal cells take up results in less space for the normal cells. Abnormal cells create the cancer. Leukemia Leukemia can be genetic or can come from HIV, exposure to the chemical Benzene, or poor diet. Treatments include Radiotherapy, Bone marrow transplantation and Chemotherapy. Some symptoms of Leukemia are poor blood clotting, affected immune system, anemia, nausea, fever, chills, night sweats, flu-like symptoms, tiredness, and headache. Anemia When the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin is low. Hemoglobin - protein inside the red blood cells that transports oxygen. Can be diagnosed by blood tests or physical examinations. Condition can be related to diet, medications, family history and medical history. Anemia People with Anemia may experience complications such as Pregnancy complications, increased susceptibility to illness and infection, heart problems and nerve damage. Some symptoms of Leukemia are poor blood clotting, affected immune system, nausea, fever, chills, night sweats, flu-like symptoms, tiredness, and headache. Thrombosis Blood clot in a blood vessel. Two types: Deep vein thrombosis and Arterial thrombosis. Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot in a deep vein such as the thigh or calf. Arterial Thrombosis is Thrombosis in the arteries, commonly in the heart. Can be very painful and can lead to serious complications. Thrombosis Symptoms: Swelling in one or both legs, pain in one or both legs, warmth in the skin of the affected leg, red or discolored skin in the affected leg, visible surface veins and leg fatigue. Causes: Sitting or standing in one place for too long, Slowed blood flow from surgery or inactivity, damage to the blood vessels, and changes in blood from cancer or inherited factors that can cause the blood to clot more easily. Atherosclerosis A disease of the arterial wall where the layer thickens, narrowing the channel of blood flow. Can occur anywhere in the body, but is most fatal when it happens in the heart, brain or blood vessels leading to the brain. Narrowing is caused by the formation of plaques in the inner lining of the arteries. Plaques can be lipoproteins, decaying muscle cells, tissue, clumps of blood platelets, cholesterol, or calcium. Found most often in people with high cholesterol. Causes: Hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, and a family history of heart disease. Circulatory System Sudden Illnesses Wesley Fan Heart Attack: What Is it? The heart requires a constant supply of oxygenized blood. The coronary arteries provide the heart with this critical blood supply and if you have coronary artery disease, those arteries become narrow and slows down blood flow. Cells like fatty matter, calcium, proteins, and inflammatory, build up within the arteries to form plaques. When the plaque is hard, the outer shell cracks (plaque rupture), platelets (disc-shaped particles in the blood that aid clotting) come to the area, and blood clots form around the plaque. If a blood clot totally blocks the artery, the heart muscle does not receive any oxygen. Soon enough, cells in the heart start to die, causing permanent damage. This is a heart attack. Heart Attack: What Is it? (continued) A less common from of a heart attack is when coronary artery spasms. During a coronary spasm, the coronary arteries restrict or spasm on and off, reducing blood supply to the heart muscle (ischemia). It can even occur in people without significant coronary artery disease. Each coronary artery supplies blood to a region of heart muscle. The amount of damage to the heart muscle depends on the size of the area supplied by the blocked artery and the time between injury and treatment. Healing of the heart muscle begins soon after a heart attack and takes about eight weeks. Just like a skin wound, the heart's wound heals and a scar will form in the damaged area. But, the new scar tissue does not contract. So, the heart's pumping ability is lessened after a heart attack. The amount of lost pumping ability depends on the size and location of the scar. Heart Attack: Symptoms Discomfort, pressure, heaviness, or pain in the chest, arm, or below the breastbone Discomfort radiating to the back, jaw, throat, or arm Fullness, indigestion, or choking feeling (may feel like heartburn) Sweating, nausea, vomiting, or dizziness Extreme weakness, anxiety, or shortness of breath Rapid or irregular heartbeats During a heart attack, symptoms last 30 minutes or longer and are not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin under the tongue. Some people have a heart attack without having any symptoms (a "silent" myocardial infarction). A silent MI can occur in any person, though it is more common among diabetics. Heart Attack: Response Quick, immediate treatment to open the blocked artery is essential to lessen the amount of damage. Call for emergency treatment (usually 911). Best to treat a heart attack within 1-2 hours of symptoms. If given within three hours of the start of symptoms, a clotbusting drug called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can reduce long-term disabilities Waiting longer increases the damage to your heart and reduces your chance of survival. Keep in mind that chest discomfort can be described many ways. It can occur in the chest or in the arms, back, or jaw. If you have symptoms, take notice. These are your heart disease warning signs. Seek medical care immediately. Stroke http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/web md/consumer_assets/site_images/media/ medical/hw/h5551195.jpg Stroke: What Happens There are 2 types of strokes: Ischemic – When a part of the brain does not receive enough oxygenized blood usually caused by clotting in an artery of the brain Hemorrhagic – When an artery ruptures causing bleeding in the brain After about 4 minutes without blood and oxygen, brain cells become damaged and may die. The body tries to restore blood and oxygen to the cells by enlarging other blood vessels (arteries) near the area. If blood supply is not restored, permanent brain damage usually occurs. When brain cells are damaged or die, the body parts controlled by those cells cannot function. The loss of function may be mild or severe and temporary or permanent. This depends on where and how much of the brain is damaged and how fast the blood supply can be returned to the affected cells. Stroke:Symptoms Sudden numbness, paralysis, or weakness in your face, arm, or leg, especially on only one side of your body. Problems with walking or balance. Sudden vision changes. Drooling or slurred speech. New problems speaking or understanding simple statements, or feeling confused. A sudden, severe headache that is different from past headaches. Symptoms vary depending on whether the stroke is caused by a clot or bleeding. The location of the blood clot or bleeding and the extent of brain damage can also affect symptoms. Strokes : Symptoms (continued) Symptoms of an ischemic stroke (caused by a clot blocking a blood vessel) usually occur in the side of the body opposite from the side of the brain where the clot occurred. For example, a stroke in the right side of the brain affects the left side of the body. Symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke (caused by bleeding in the brain) can be similar to those of an ischemic stroke but may be distinguished by symptoms relating to higher pressure in the brain, including severe headache, nausea and vomiting, neck stiffness, dizziness, seizures, irritability, confusion, and possibly unconsciousness. Symptoms of a stroke may progress over minutes, hours, or days, often in a stepwise fashion. If a stroke is caused by a large blood clot (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke), symptoms occur suddenly, within seconds. When an artery that is narrowed by atherosclerosis becomes blocked, stroke symptoms usually develop gradually over minutes to hours, or (in rare cases) days. If several smaller strokes occur over time, the person may have a more gradual change in walking, balance, thinking, or behavior (multi-infant dementia). It is not always easy for people to recognize symptoms of a small stroke. They may mistakenly think the symptoms can be attributed to aging, or the symptoms may be confused with those of other conditions that cause similar symptoms. Stroke: Response Call 911 or other emergency services immediately if any of the symptoms are adamant If given within three hours of the start of symptoms, a clot-busting drug called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can reduce long-term disability for the most common type of stroke. Sudden Cardiac Arrest: What happens Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected death caused by loss of heart function (sudden cardiac arrest). It is the largest cause of natural death in the U.S., causing about 325,000 adult deaths in the United States each year. SCD is responsible for half of all heart disease deaths. Sudden cardiac arrest occurs when the electrical system to the heart malfunctions and suddenly becomes very irregular. The heart beats dangerously fast. The ventricles may flutter or quiver (ventricular fibrillation), and blood is not delivered to the body. In the first few minutes, the greatest concern is that blood flow to the brain will be reduced so drastically that a person will lose consciousness. Death follows unless emergency treatment is begun immediately. SDA: Symptoms Racing heartbeat Dizziness No Response Lack of Breathing Loses Consciousness No Pulse No Blood Pressure In over half of the cases, however, sudden cardiac arrest occurs without prior symptoms. SDA : Response Dial 911 Immediately Commence CPR Obtain an automated external defibrillator (AED) The rate of survivability is decreases by about 10% each minute longer it takes to initiate emergency care Prevention: General Quitting smoking Losing weight Exercising regularly Following a low-fat diet Avoid Illegal Drugs Managing diabetes Less Alcohol Intake Managing other health conditions including high blood pressure and cholesterol Prevention: Limiting Risk Factors Treatment for people with: Arrhythmia – irregular heart beat Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries Carotid Artery Stenting – Procedure to open blocked arteries in the heart Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) - a small machine similar to a pacemaker that is designed to correct arrhythmias. Shocks the heart when it detects a very fast or slow heart rhythm to cause the heart to beat in a normal rhythm again. Prevention: Limiting Risk Factors Aspirin to prevent blood clotting that may worsen the heart attack. Other antiplatelets, such as Plavix, to prevent blood clotting. Thrombolytic therapy ("clot busters") to dissolve any blood clots in the heart's arteries. Any combination of the above