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Circulatory system Shiping Ding (丁世萍), Ph. D School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Learning Objectives • To be familiar with the type of capillary. • To be familiar with the type of artery and vein. • To distinguish with all the types of blood vessels. Concepts of organs and systems Organ: composed of four kinds of the tissues in a particular way Types Hollow organs: studied from inside to outside parenchyma Substantial organs: interstitium System: composed of many organs which have relationship with each other in structure and function. General outline ---Closed tubular system According to the circulating fluid in the tubes, blood or lymph: •Blood vascular system (cardiovascular system) •Lymphatic vascular system Cardiovascular System The histological study of the cardiovascular system includes two major components • Heart – mainly functions as a pump to move blood (and all the things blood carries) through the body. • Blood vessels – are the tubes that distribute the blood to the cells and then back to the heart. The blood vessels include three major divisions: Arteries – deliver blood from heart to capillaries Capillaries – the smallest blood vessels and closest to body cells, the interchanges between blood and tissues occur there Veins – carry blood from body to the heart Histological Structure of Blood Vessels Structural feature of Arteries and Veins: Tunica intimae 1. Endothelium 2. Basal lamina 3. Subendothelial layer (Internal elastic membrane) Tunica media Mainly smooth muscle Tunica adventitia Mainly connective tissue medium-sized A Artery transport blood from heart to capillaries according to their size, structure and function are classified Large artery Medium-sized artery D>1mm Small artery D>0.3~1mm Arteriole D<0.3mm Structure features of artery • The wall of Arteries consist of three layers or “coats” often referred to as tunics. • – Tunica intimae – is the inner coat – Tunica media – is the middle layer – Tunica adventitia or tunica externa is the outer layer of the wall of the blood vessel Layers of arteries wall differ in different size blood vessels. The structure and function of arteries change as their diameter decreases. Tunica intimae • is the inner coat and it consists of 1)inner endothelial layer 2)subendothelial layer: a layer of loose connective tissue 3)internal elastic membrane (often very distinct) • This layer is relatively constant within different size arteries. Tunica media • This layer makes up the greatest part of the wall of the artery. • It is comprised primarily of smooth muscle. • In small arteries or arterioles it may be only 1-3 cells thick but in larger arteries may comprise hundreds of layers of muscle cells. • In larger arteries, there in increased amounts of elastin fibers. Tunica adventitia • This is the outer layer of the wall of the artery. • It consists primarily of connective tissue and serves to attach the blood vessel into the surrounding connective tissue. • Often contains adipose tissue and often contains blood vessels (vasa vasorum) that supply the walls of the blood vessels. Medium-sized artery: muscular artery: diameter larger than 1mm Tunica intima Endothelium Subendothelial layer: LCT Internal elastic lamina: clear Tunica media: contain 10~40 layers of circular smooth muscle Tunica adventitia External elastic lamina LCT: contain vasa vasorum Smooth muscle regulates blood flow and pressure. Medium-sized artery Tunica Adventitia Tunica Media Tunica intima Medium-sized artery Classic muscular artery- elastic stain Large (elastic) artery: contains aorta, the pulmonary trunk and their main branches With a large lumen relative to wall thickness subendothelial layer is thicker with a few smooth muscles tunica media is thick, contains a 40-70 concentrically-arranged elastic lamina internal and external elastic lamina are not distinguished tunica adventitia are thinner, abundant vasa vasorum PT stain Elastic artery Muscular artery Small artery: muscular artery and peripheral resistance vessel internal elastic lamina is clear, while external elastic lamina is not distinguished the tunica media contains 3~9 layers of smooth muscles Arterioles: Less than 0.5mm in diameter. Have similar and simpler structure as that of muscular artery. Several layers of smooth muscle in tunica media. Responsible for the presence of blood pressure. Vein large lumen, thin wall, irregular internal and external elastic lamina are not clear tunica media is thin, with a few elastic fibers and smooth muscles tunica adventitia is thick (best-developed) some veins have valves large veins Medium-sized vein Arteriole (b) and venule (a) Vein valves: Bag-like protrusion of tunica intima, which prevents the blood flow from running to opposite direction. Exists only in the vein that has low position or far away from heart. Muscular vein with valve Vein with valve A Comparison of a Typical Artery and a Typical Vein Artery, vein, nerve, elastin stain Artery, vein, nerve, elastin stain Artery, vein, nerve, trichrome stain Capillaries • Capillaries are the site where materials carried in the blood are unloaded and other materials are loaded into the blood. • In many organs the capillaries form a network. • Consist of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium. the average diameter about 8um. Capillary: Thinnest, simplest, largest, longest and most widely distributed. Connects the arteries and veins. Stomach, vascular injection of mucosa Renal vasculature, vascular dye injection Capillaries 1) LM: • A single layer of endothelial cells • A basement membrane • pericyte: Capillary(b) and venule(a) Capillary in heart(B) Pericyte: long cytoplasmic processes have a contractile function, participating in the repair process Capillary - pericyte EM According to the appearance of the endothelium and basement membrane: •Continuous capillary •Fenestrated capillary •Sinusoid Capillaries Continuous C. Fenestrated C. Sinusoid Continuous capillary: distributed in muscle tissue, brain, lung and connective tissue, etc. endothelial cell: large number of pinocytotic vesicles, cell junctions between the endothelia (tight junction), no pores, no gaps basement membrane: integrity (stripe) Continuous capillary * Endothelia contain special tubular organelle, the WeibelPalade (WP) bodies, which release Factor VIII related antigen to facilitate blood clotting when blood vessels break. Endothelia also contains some enzymes, such as EDRF,etc. * WeibelPalade body Fig. Of EM Fenestrated capillary: distributed in tissues where rapid interchange of substances occurs between the tissue and the blood, as in the kidney glomerulus, mucosa of gastrointestine, some endocrine glands endothelial cells: present abundant perforated pores (6080nm in D, with 4-6 nm diaphragm), have or haven’t diaphragm on them basal lamina: continuous Fenestrated capillary Fenestrated capillary (kidney) Sinusoid distributed in tissues where interchange of substance in big size occurs, as in the liver, spleen, and some endocrine glands a greatly enlarged diameter (30~40um) endothelial cell: intercellular clefts are large between cells, many pores without diaphragm absence of a continuous basement membrane macrophages are located either among or outside the cells of the endothelium Sinusoid Heart a hollow muscular organ that contracts rhythmically pump blood through the circulatory system The wall of heart epicardium myocardium endocardium The wall of heart E SE endocardium subendocardial layer Purkinje fibers myocardium epicardium endocardium Endothelium Subendothelial layer: fined CT Subendocardial layer: LCT, blood vessels, nerves and the impulse-conducting system of the heart Purkinje cell Cardiac cell Purkinje cells both broader and shorter than ordinary cardiac muscle fibers, rich in sarcoplasm, two nuclei can be found, welldeveloped intercalated disks. Conducting System components: sinoatrial node (SA node): the primary pacemaker of the heart located in epicardium of right atrium atrioventricular node( AV node) bundles( AV bundles) located in subendocardial layer. network of Purkinje fiber Impulse generating and conducting system of the heart: Pacemaker cells: heartbeat generating Transitional cells: transmit impulse Purkinje cells (bundle cell): distributed in subendocardial layer. three types of cells a. pacemaker cell( P cell): • mainly distributed in SA and AV node • small, fusiform or polygonal in shaped • enclosed by DCT • less organelle: myofibril, plasmalemmal vesicles and more glycogen b. transitional cell: • mainly distributed in periphery of SAN or AVN and AV bundle • The structure is between pacemaker cell and cardiac M • thinner and shorter than CM • more myofibril than P cell c. Purkinje cell: • mainly constitute AV bundle and branches • shorter, boarder than CM, with 1-2 centrally located nuclei • rich in mitochondria, glycogen, less myofibril • well-developed intercalated disks myocardium thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle, is richly supplied with capillaries three layers are divided roughly, cardiac muscle arrange spirally. 闰盘 线粒体 epicardium LCT: contain adipose cells, blood vessels and nerves Methothelium 构成心包脏层 心包受损 影响心脏功能 The core of dense connective tissue 心瓣膜 cardic valve endothelium prevent the back flow of blood Lymphatic vascular system (Study by yourself) Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic ducts VII. Lymph vessels: A. Lymph enters the blood via right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct. B. Lymph vessels have larger lumen, thinner wall and are more permeable, compared with the vein of the same grade. C. Lymph comes from the tissue fluid. Lymph capillaries locate in CT and have blind ends. Lymph vessels • Lymph vessels return fluid from tissues to circulatory system. • Depend upon muscles to move fluid • Very thin walled. lymphatic Lymphatic with valve Question 1. To describe the difference between large artery and medium-sized artery. 2. To describe the types of capillary. Good-bye! Thank you for your attention!