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Medical Terminology
Cardiovascular System
Chapter 9
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Anatomy and Physiology
pump and delivery system
 supply trillions of cells with oxygen and
other nutrients vital for survival
 transport cellular waste to appropriate
organs for removal
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Structures
heart - pump
 vessels - container
 blood - liquid
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The Heart
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hollow muscular organ
(cardiac muscle)
pump to circulate blood
blood to oxygenate cells
and remove waste
products
Cardi/o - heart
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Location and Protection
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located between the
lungs and above the
diaphragm
Pericardium
Pericardial Fluid
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
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Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries
angi/o and vas/o
 arteries - carry blood away from heart,
usually oxygenated blood
 veins - carry blood to the heart, usually
deoxygenated blood
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Arteries
arteri/o
 blood propelled by heart
 arteries are thick with three layers
 pulse-surge of blood
 oxygenated blood - bright red
 arteries to arterioles to capillaries
 endarterial - pertaining to the interior wall
of an artery
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Capillaries
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system of microscopic
vessels
one epithelial cell thick
anatomic units connect
arterial/venous systems
blood flow much slower
through capillaries to
allow for exchange
blood cells travel in
single file
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Veins
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low-pressure collecting
system
ven/o and phleb/o
venules - small veins
veins have valves
deoxygenated blood
venae cavae - venous
blood to Right Atrium
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Heart
Endocardium - serous membrane lining
 myocardium - muscle layer
 epicardium - outermost layer
 pericardium - sac containing the heart
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Heart
Chambers
Left
Atrium
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Left
Ventricle
Apex
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Internal Heart Chambers
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Heart Valves
Pulmonary Veins
Mitral
Left
Tricuspid
Right
Apex
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Blood Supply to Heart

Coronary Artery System
– right coronary
– left coronary
» left anterior descending
» circumflex
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
Systemic Circulation
– All parts of body except lungs

Pulmonary Circulation
– pulmonary arterial system
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Conduction System
1-SA Node (Pacemaker)
2-AV Node
3-Bundle of His
4-Perkinje fibers
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Normal Sinus Rhythm
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Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias
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palpitation
fibrillation
atrial fibrillation
ventricular fibrillation
bradycardia
tachycardia
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Pulse

pulse-rhythmic
expansion and
contraction of an
artery produced by
pressure of blood
moving though the
artery
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Blood Pressure
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Measurement of
amount of pressure
exerted against the
walls of the vessels.
Systolic - highest
pressure result of
ventricular contraction
Diastolic - lowest
pressure when
ventricles relaxed
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Terms
Combining Forms
 Suffixes
 Prefixes
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Pathology of the Cardiovascular
system
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Atherosclerosis
Atheromas accumulate in the tunica intima
 scleroses
 hypercholesterolemia
 lumen
 ischemia
 thrombosis, embolus
 occlusion
 aneurysm
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Aneurysm
A localized balloonlike enlargement of
an artery.
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Diseases of coronary circulation
 atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and
sudden death
 myocardial ischemia
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– angina, dyspnea

myocardial infarction
– diaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea
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Procedures
Opening Blocked Arteries
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Percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PTCA)
Carotid endarterectomy
Coronary artery bypass surgery
– revascularization
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Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHD
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cardiac disability due to
insufficient supply of
oxygenated blood to heart
caused by constriction or
obstruction of coronary artery
Ischemia - deficiency of
blood supply
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Congestive Heart Failure
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Impaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial
infarction, ischemic heart disease, or
cardiomyopathy.
Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficiently
results in volume overload, chamber dilatation,
and elevated intracardial pressure.
Retrograde transmission of increased hydrostatic
pressure from the left heart causes pulmonary
congestion; elevated right heart pressure causes
systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.
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Forms of Carditis
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Carditis - inflammation of the
heart
Pericarditis - inflammation of
pericardium
Myocarditis - inflammation of
myocardium
Endocarditis - inflammation of
inner layer of the heart
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Infective Endocarditis
Thrombi
 vegetations
 regurgitation of blood
 stenosis
 insufficiency
 valvotomy, commissurotomy
 prophylactic antibiotic treatment
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Varicose Veins
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Incompetent valves
– esophageal varices
– anal hemorrhoids
– legs
Edema (localized, generalized)
 phlebitis, thrombophlebitis
 emboli, embolus, embolectomy
 thrombolysis
 ligation and stripping
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Oncology

Myxoma
– tumor of mucous connective tissue
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Metastasized from malignant melanoma
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Terms
Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic
 Diagnostic Procedures
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Angiography-x-ray of blood
vessels after injection of
contrast medium-angiogram
Angiocardiographyradiopaque dye and chest xrays to show dimensions of
heart and large blood vessels angiocardiogram
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Cardiac Catheterization

radiopaque dye injected
through a vein or artery to heart
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Right: catheter inserted into
vein: R arm/groin to heart to
measure pressures & take blood
samples
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Pharmacology
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Antianginals
antihypertensives
beta blockers
calcium channel blockers
diuretics
heparin
inotropics, cardiotonics
tissue plasminogen activators (TPA)
vasodilators
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End of Chapter 9
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