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Cardiovascular and Blood Chapters 10 and 11 Cardiovascular The function of the cardiovascular system is transportation. Blood is the transport vehicle. Materials that are transported range from oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from digestion, or hormones from the endocrine system. Heart The heart is the major pump of the cardiovascular system. This hollow cone shaped organ is approximately the size of a closed fist. Flanked by both lungs Not symetrical, apex points toward the left hip. Most of the heart lies on the left side of our body. Heart Coverings The heart is covered by the pericardium – double layer serous membrane. The membrane connects the heart to the surrounding structures such as the sternum. It also contains a slippery lubricating fluid that allows the heart to move in an almost frictionless environment. Heart Wall The heart walls actually have three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The epicardium is part of the serous membrane we discussed. Myocardium is the middle, actual cardiac muscle that contracts. Endocardium is the innermost layer that lines the entire heart and continuous with the inside layer of the blood vessels. Heart Layers Heart Chambers Our hearts have four chambers, two atriums and two ventricles. Atriums receive blood from the body or the lungs. They have no relative importance in the pumping action of the heart, they mostly receive blood under low pressure from the veins in the body. Because of this they have relatively thin walls. Heart Chambers The two lower ventricles have a much thicker wall. This is due to the fact that this part of the heart is in charge of pumping blood to the lungs or the rest of the body. The left and right ventricles are separated by the septum. stop Blood Flow through Heart Deoxygenated blood from the smaller vessels collects in the superior and inferior vena cava. These two major veins empty this “used” blood into the right atrium. It is held here by one of the four atrioventricular valves, aka AV valves, specifically the tricuspid valve. This keeps the movement of blood in one direction only. Blood Flow through the Heart When the tricuspid valve opens, blood falls into the right ventricle. This is the first beat of the heart, very gently pumping blood into the lower chambers. The second beat of the heart is stronger and is accomplished by the ventricle. Blood Flow through the Heart Blood in the right ventricle is pumped up through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery. This artery takes the blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Reoxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. Blood Flow through the Heart Blood reenters the heart in the left atrium. It is kept here by the Mitral valve. When the mitral valve opens blood empties into the left ventricle, the strongest of the four chambers. When it pumps, blood flows through the aorta and is distributed to the entire body. Heart Sounds Characterized as Lub Dup Signal the closing of the AV valves Lub sound is heard when the valves close after the emptying of the atria. The Dup sound is heard when the ventricle contracts and the semilunar valve closes. Abnormal heart sounds are called murmurs. Heart Beat Avg heart rate should be 70bpm Tachycardia is a fast heart beat (over 100bpm), Bradycardia is a slow heart beat (under 60bpm). The heart is controlled by electrical impulses. When this electrical impulse fails, a pacemaker can be used. stop Heart Circulation Even though the interior of the heart is constantly bathed in blood, it receives no nutrients in this fashion. Nutrients are fed to the heart through the coronary arteries. These branch off of the aorta and wrap around the heart, feeding it oxygen and nutrients. Heart circulation If any of these heart arteries are clogged or do not receive oxygenated blood, heart tissue can die called an infarction. If left unattended, a myocardial infarction, aka heart attack can occur. Blood Carries everything that needs to be transported around the blood. – Nutrients – Wastes – Body heat – Hormones – Etc. Blood Blood is the only liquid tissue. It is made of both solid and liquid components. Living blood cells suspended in the nonliving fluid matrix called the plasma. Scientists can use a centrifuge to separate the different elements of the blood. Solid Blood Elements Erythrocytes – red blood cells – transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. – 4-6 million cells per mL of blood Leukocytes – White blood cells – protects the body from invaders – 4-11 thousand Platelets – cell fragments that help in clotting. Liquid Blood Elements Plasma – 90% water, 10% nutrients and plasma proteins. Blood as a whole is slightly basic Has the taste of iron due to hemoglobin It is also approximately 8% of your body weight ~ 6 quarts stop Erythrocytes Ferry oxygen around the body. No nucleus, contain hemoglobin Central depression on both side allows for more surface area Anemia is a decrease in oxygen carrying ability Sickle cell anemia is a misshapen cell due to hemo mutation Leukocytes White blood cells are not confined to the vessels, they can leave and help to stop infections where needed. They use positive chemotaxis to find areas in need. WBC can be produced above the normal amount. Anything over 11,000 cells/mL is referred to as leukocytosis ABO Blood Groups Blood transfusions can save lives, however, they can be deadly if the right blood is not chosen. The RBC of each blood group has different membrane proteins attached to them, called antigens. If the antigens on the transfused blood do not equal those of the normal blood, the immune system will respond and attack it. ABO Blood Groups The immuno response in this case is that the plasma will begin to clump around the transfused RBC, turning the blood into a gel which can block small arteries. This can lead to organ failure ABO Blood Groups Type B – Anti A, can receive from B, or O, 19% Type A –anti B, can receive from A or O, 32% Type O –Anti A and B, universal Donor, 45% Type AB –no plasma antibodies, can receive any blood, 4% Rh Blood Groups Another set of Antigens that can be found on the surface of the RBC are the Rh Factors, named after the Rhesus monkey from which they were discovered. Rh+ you have the antigens, Rh- you don’t. Blood Typing To determine what blood type a person is you add anti A or anti B to different samples, if the blood clots, the blood contains that antigen. stop Blood Vessels Blood vessels are the “one-way” highways of our cardiovascular system. Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart are veins. The interconnected series of tubes is called the vascular system. Vascular System Just like roads in New Jersey, our vascular system has a series or “major highways,” “side streets,” and “alleys” which determine how much blood can flow through at a given time. The largest artery is the aorta, the largest vein is the vena cava. Capillaries are your smallest tubes, allowing for only one blood cell to pass at a single time. Artery and Vein Differences Arteries tend to have thicker walls due to increased pressure near the heart. Veins tend to have thinner walls because the pressure is lower. Veins tend to have a larger diameter as well as valves. – Valves are necessary since without blood pressure, blood would never get back to heart. Capillaries Capillaries only have a very thin tunica intima. This allows for easy diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from capillaries to the surrounding tissue. Because they are so thin they are easily broken. Bruises. Vital Signs Pulse and blood pressure are two vital signs that doctors will often refer too. The other two are respiration rate, and temperature. Pulse is measured by placing the fingers on an artery close to the surface of the skin, as the heart beats, the pressure in the vessels push up on your fingers. Avg would be 70-80 bpm Blood Pressure Hypertension is high blood pressure Hypotension is low blood pressure. Caused by diet, chemicals, temperature, amount of blood and neural factors.