Download The Heart

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The
Cardiovascular
System
11
PART A
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Cardiovascular System
 A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
 The heart pumps blood
 Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
 The function of the cardiovascular system is to
deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove
carbon dioxide and other waste products
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The Heart
 Location
 Thorax between the lungs in the inferior
mediastinum
 Orientation
 Pointed apex directed toward left hip
 Base points toward right shoulder
 About the size of your fist
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The Heart
Figure 11.1a–b
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The Heart
Figure 11.1c
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The Heart
Figure 11.2a
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Figure 11.2b
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The Heart: Heart Wall
 Three layers
 Epicardium
 Outside layer
 This layer is the visceral pericardium
 Connective tissue layer
 Myocardium
 Middle layer
 Mostly cardiac muscle
 Endocardium
 Inner layer
 Endothelium
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Figure 11.2c
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The Heart: Chambers
 Right and left side act as separate pumps
 Four chambers
 Atria
 Receiving chambers
 Right atrium
 Left atrium
 Ventricles
 Discharging chambers
 Right ventricle
 Left ventricle
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The Heart: Septa
 Interventricular septum
 Separates the two ventricles
 Interatrial septum
 Separates the two atria
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The Heart: Valves
 Allow blood to flow in only one direction to
prevent backflow
 Four valves
 Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria
and ventricles
 Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)
 Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)
 Semilunar valves—between ventricle and
artery
 Pulmonary semilunar valve
 Aortic semilunar valve
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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
 Systemic circulation
 Blood flows from the left side of the heart
through the body tissues and back to the right
side of the heart
 Pulmonary circulation
 Blood flows from the right side of the heart to
the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Figure 11.3
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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
 Arteries
 Aorta
 Leaves left ventricle
 Pulmonary arteries
 Leave right ventricle
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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
 Veins
 Superior and inferior venae cavae
 Enter right atrium
 Pulmonary veins (four)
 Enter left atrium
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
 Oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is
dropped off by blood in the lungs
 Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through
the four pulmonary veins
 Blood enters the left atrium and travels through
the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
 From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart via
the aortic semilunar valve and aorta
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Coronary Circulation
 Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the
myocardium
 The heart has its own nourishing circulatory
system consisting of
 Coronary arteries—branch from the aorta to
supply the heart muscle with oxygenated
blood
 Cardiac veins—drain the myocardium of blood
 Coronary sinus—a large vein on the posterior
of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins
 Blood empties into the right atrium via the
coronary sinus
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Heart Disease
Are you at risk?
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
I. Heart Disease
Cardiovascular (Heart)Disease Statistics
Estimates for the year 2004 are that
79,400,000 Americans have one or
more forms of cardiovascular disease
(CVD).
High blood pressure — 72,000,000.
Coronary heart disease — 15,800,000.
Myocardial infarction (acute heart
attack) — 7,900,000.
Angina (chest pain or discomfort
caused by reduced blood supply to
the heart muscle) — 8,900,000.
Stroke — 5,700,000.
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I. Heart Disease
B. ________________Coronary
circulation of blood into
heart muscle, to keep it
alive.
Partial blockage in the
coronary arteries may
result in _____________
Angina
Complete blockage in the
coronary arteries may
result in ______________
Heart Attacks
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II. Heart Attacks
A. Definition- when the supply of blood and oxygen to an area of
heart muscle is blocked, usually by a clot in a coronary artery,
causing tissue damage and cellular death.
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
II. Heart Attacks
Heart Attacks are also known as: myocardial infarction, or M.I.
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II. Heart Attacks
B. Statistics:
• Mortality — 452,327 deaths in the United States in 2004 (one of
every 5 deaths).
• Incidence — 1,200,000 new and recurrent coronary attacks per
year.
• About 38 percent of people who experience a coronary attack in a
given year die from it.
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II. Heart Attacks
C. Risk Factors: (just a few)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Increasing age
Male gender
Heredity (including race)
Tobacco smoke
High blood cholesterol levels
High blood pressure
Physical inactivity
Obesity and overweight
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II. Heart Attacks
D. Signs and Symptoms of a
Heart Attack
1. Chest discomfort
2. Discomfort in one or both arms,
the back, neck, jaw or stomach
3. Shortness of breath
4. cold sweat
5. nausea or lightheadedness
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II. Heart Attacks
E. Care and Treatment:
At Home
1. Call 911 ASAP!
2. Lie the person down on a firm
surface and elevate the legs slightly.
3. Loosen tight collars and belts.
4. Cover with a light blanket..
5. Try to keep the airway open, CPR
may be needed
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II. Heart Attacks
E. Care and Treatment:
At Hospital
1.
“Clot busting” medicine called thrombolytics may be given.
2. Coronary Catheterization where interventional cardiologists can
open the blocked vessel.
3. Occasionally emergency bypass surgery may be required.
4. Beta Blockers are a type of medicine that decreases blood pressure
and slows the heart rate. These help decrease the workload of the
heart. These are an important treatment in protecting the heart
muscle.
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
 Transport blood to the tissues and back
 Carry blood away from the heart
 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Exchanges between tissues and blood
 Capillary beds
 Return blood toward the heart
 Venules
 Veins
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Figure 11.9a
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Blood Vessels: Microscopic Anatomy
 Three layers (tunics)
 Tunic intima
 Endothelium
 Tunic media
 Smooth muscle
 Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
 Tunic externa
 Mostly fibrous connective tissue
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Figure 11.9b
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Differences Between Blood Vessels
 Walls of arteries are the thickest
 Lumens of veins are larger
 Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow
 Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the
heart
 Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to
allow for exchanges between blood and tissuea
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Figure 11.10
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Movement of Blood Through Vessels
 Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
 Veins use the milking action of muscles to help
move blood
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Capillary Beds
 Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels
 Vascular shunt—vessel directly connecting an
arteriole to a venule
 True capillaries—exchange vessels
 Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
 Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
products cross into blood
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Capillary Beds
Figure 11.11a
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Capillary Beds
Figure 11.11b
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Major Arteries of System Circulation
 Aorta
 Largest artery in the body
 Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart
 Regions
 Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle
 Aortic arch—arches to the left
 Thoracic aorta—travels downward through
the thorax
 Abdominal aorta—passes through the
diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity
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Major Arteries of System Circulation
 Arterial branches of the ascending aorta
 Right and left coronary arteries serve the heart
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Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
 Arterial branches of the aortia arch (BCS)
 Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the
 Right common carotid artery
 Right subclavian artery
 Left common carotid artery splits into the
 Left internal and external carotid arteries
 Left subclavian artery branches into the
 Vertebral artery
 In the axilla, the subclavian artery
becomes the axillary artery  brachial
artery  radial and ulnar arteries
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Pulse
 Pulse
 Pressure wave of blood
 Monitored at “pressure points” in arteries where
pulse is easily palpated
 Pulse averages 70–76 beats per minute at rest
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Pulse
Figure 11.18
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Blood Pressure
 Measurements by health professionals are made
on the pressure in large arteries
 Systolic—pressure at the peak of ventricular
contraction
 Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax
 Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last
(120/80 mm Hg)
 Pressure in blood vessels decreases as distance
from the heart increases
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Comparison of Blood Pressures
in Different Vessels
Figure 11.19
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Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.20a
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Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.20b
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Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.20c
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Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.20d
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Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
 BP is blood pressure
 BP is affected by age, weight, time of day,
exercise, body position, emotional state
 CO is the amount of blood pumped out of the left
ventricle per minute
 PR is peripheral resistance, or the amount of
friction blood encounters as it flows through
vessels
 Narrowing of blood vessels and increased
blood volume increases PR
 BP = CO  PR
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Variations in Blood Pressure
 Normal human range is variable
 Normal
 140–110 mm Hg systolic
 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
 Hypotension
 Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
 Often associated with illness
 Hypertension
 High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
 Can be dangerous if it is chronic
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Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms
Figure 11.22
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Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
 Blood pressure forces fluid and solutes out of
capillaries
 Osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries
 Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at
the arterial end of the capillary bed
 Blood pressure is lower than osmotic pressure at
the venous end of the capillary bed
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Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
Figure 11.23
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Developmental Aspects of
the Cardiovascular System
 A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and
pumps by the fourth week
 The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by
the end of seven weeks
 Few structural changes occur after the seventh
week
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Developmental Aspects of
the Cardiovascular System
 Aging problems associated with the
cardiovascular system include
 Venous valves weaken
 Varicose veins
 Progressive atherosclerosis
 Loss of elasticity of vessels leads to
hypertension
 Coronary artery disease results from vessels
filled with fatty, calcified deposits
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